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MAJOR  -GENERAL  WILLIAM  R.  SHAFTER 


STATISTICS 


—  OF  — 


(Oalifotfnia  Production 

Commence  and  Finance 


FOR  THE  YEARS   J  900-1 


WITH     BRIEF    SKETCHES 

—  OF  THE  — 

Origin  and  Development  of  Mining 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 

in  the  State 


publishers: 
M.  M.  BARNET  J.  O'LEARY 

Copyright    Applied    For 


Printed  by 

John  Partridge,  Stationer  and  Printer 

306  California  Street 

San  Francisco 


107 


■*:« 


The  following  pages  exhibit  as  briefly  as  may  be  the  more  im 
portant  facts  connected  with  the  origin  and  development  of  Califor- 
nia's leading  industries.  To  facilitate  reference,  our  aim  has  been 
condensation.  We  give  data  when  it  could  be  obtained,  by  counties, 
and  where  no  direct  information  could  be  had,  estimates  based  on 
our  general  knowledge  gained  after  a  study  of  thirty  years,  rein- 
forced by  consultation  with  the  leading  authorities  in  each  field. 
No  doubt  the  work  will  call  forth  considerable  criticism,  but  we 
have  labored  conscientiously  to  produce  a  valuable  exhibit  of  the 
State's  resources  and  its  achievements  in  the  leading  fields  of  human 
industry. 

It  was  the  intention  of  the  publishers  to  have  dedicated  this  book 
to  our  late  President,  William  McKinley  had  he  lived,  the  com- 
merce of  the  State  having  been  largely  augmented  during  his 
incumbency  of  the  presidential  office.  The  military  authorities 
located  here  did  yeoman  service  in  the  advancement  of  our  com- 
merce and  industries  during  that  time.  The  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers of  California  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  that  arm  of  the 
service  of  which  General  Wm.  R.  Shafter  was  the  military  head  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.     This  book  is  therefore  dedicated  to  him. 

The  Publishers. 


403532 


THE  STATE 

CALIFORNIA,  in  regard  to  climate  and  production,  occupies 
the  same  position  in  North  America  that  France  and  Italy  do 
in  Europe.  Of  its  157,593  square  miles  or  101,350,400  acres  by 
much  the  greater  part  is  capable  of  cultivation  and  its  remainder, 
consisting  of  mountains  and  forest  land  is  rich  in  minerals  and  in 
mighty  forests  of  lumber  that  will  provide  employment  for  the  miner 
and  the  woodman  for  ages  to  come;  and  with  the  industry  of  France 
and  Italy  applied  much  of  this  latter  area  can  be  made  to  produce 
abundantly  of  life's  necessities  and  luxuries.  Populated  as  is  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  it  would  sustain  fifty  millions  of  people.  It  has 
a  commanding  position  on  the  Pacific,  and  will  dominate  its  com- 
merce for  ages  to  come.  Its  metropolis,  San  Francisco,  will  without 
doubt,  in  a  hundred  years  be  one  of  the  greatest  cities  of  the  world. 
Its  products  number  the  leading  ones  of  the  temperate  and 
semi  tropic  zones.  The  leading  cereals,  wheat,  barley  and  oats  are 
amongst  its  choicest  products,  while  as  to  fruits,  it  is  in  itself  a 
perfect  paradise,  producing  in  profusion  the  olive,  the  vine,  the  fig, 
the  orange,  the  lemon,  besides  deciduous  fruits  and  berries  and  nuts 
in  unnumbered  profusion.  No  where  else  does  the  sugar  beet  reach 
the  perfection  that  it  does  in  California.  Rice,  tea,  sugar  cane, 
cotton,  licorice,  tobacco  and  bananas  even  have  been  grown  within  its 
borders.  It  has  a  soil  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the  various  kinds  of 
vegetables  usually  grown  in  the  United  States  and  Europe.  The 
waters  of  its  bays  and  of  the  adjacent  ocean  swarm  with  the  finest 
description  of  food  fish.  It  grows  many  fibres  such  as  ramie,  flaxt 
hemp,  etc.,  that  are  needed  by  the  manufacturers  of  the  world,  while 
the  mulberry  tree,  whose  leaves  nourish  the  silkworm  is  produced 
throughout  the  State.  It  has  large  areas  of  pasture  land,  mountain 
slopes  where  countless  sheep  and  cattle  can  thrive.  Its  mineral 
riches  have  made  it  a  name  throughout  the  world  and  have  promoted 


0  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

the  development  of  modern  arts  and  industries  in  other  lands  than 
California. 

The  Mission  Fathers,  ambitioned  founding  a  civilized  Indian 
State  under  the  suzerainty  of  Spain,  and  aimed  to  bring  the  native 
inhabitants  to  a  condition  where  they  should  be  self-supporting,  and 
where  under  favoring  circumstances  they  would  develop  the  re- 
sources of  the  land.  But  it  was  not  to  be,  and  the  arts  of  the 
politician — first  of  Spain  and  then  of  Mexico-put  an  end  to  to  their 
labors.  Small  settlements  of  Spaniards  and  Mexicans  were  made 
and  afterwards  of  Americans  and  Europeans — Irish,  English,  Ger- 
man, Swedes,  etc.,  and  at  last  came  the  American  occupation  and 
the  discovery  of  gold.  For  ten  years  subsequently  mining  for  the 
precious  metal  absorbed  the  attention  of  most  of  the  people.  Then 
agriculture  obtained  a  foothold,  soon  followed  by  manufactures. 
Of  course  both  these  pursuits  were  practiced  by  more  or  less  people 
all  the  time,  but  they  were  of  minor  importance.  Fruit  growing 
held  a  very  subsidiary  position  till  the  seventies,  and  indeed,  as  a 
great  industry,  does  not  go  beyond  the  past  twenty  years.  The 
wine  industry  has  been  growing  steadily  till  a  good  year  now  gives 
us  a  vintage  of  thirty  million  gallons,  and  other  years  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  million  gallons. 

Our  status  as  a  manufacturing  community  is  improving  every 
year,  and  with  the  development  of  our  oil  and  iron  resources  upon 
which  the  future  greatness  of  the  State  will  depend,  we  will 
make  San  Francisco  Bay  and  other  sections  perfect  hives  of  industry 
with  markets  covering  one-half  the  world.  Such,  in  brief,  is  the 
standing  of  the  great  commonwealth  to-day,  such  its  prospects  in 
the  years  to  come.  It  will  have  a  great  share  in  moulding  the  des- 
tinies of  all  the  peoples  of  the  Pacific  Coast  and  Islands,  and  through 
them  those  of  the  peoples  of  all  the  world. 

The  rapidity  with  which  the  growth  of  the  State  will  be  marked 
will  depend  largely  upon  the  conservation  and  impounding  of  the 
flood  waters,  During  the  past  years  the  lack  of  water  for  the  proper 
development  of  agriculture  has  been  sadly  felt.  Of  late  years  this 
feature  has  been  the  subject  of  much  study  on  the  part  of  the  think- 
ing men  of  the  State.  An  organization  with  a  membership  of  over 
6,000  has  been  formed  by  them  for  the  purpose  of  pushing  this  work 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  7 

to  completion.  It  is  assured  financial  aid  to  this  end  from  both  the 
National  and  State  legislatures.  It  is  a  sad  commentary  on  the 
State  that  over  90  per  cent  of  its  water  has  been  allowed  to  go  to 
waste  in  years  past. 

In  the  following  pages  we  give  in  brief  the  exact  standing  of 
California  to-day  as  far  as  it  can  be  expressed  in  figures — every 
important  industry  having  its  condition  and  prospects  set  forth  as 
succintly  as  possible.     In  all,  condensation  has  been  our  aim. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  POPULATION  OF  THE 

STATE. 

California  may  not  have  grown  as  fast  as  some  of  the  new  states 
of  the  west,  but  when  we  consider  its  remoteness  from  Eastern  cen- 
ters of  population  and  from  the  high  roads  of  immigration  we  must 
consider  that  under  the  circumstances  the  State  has  done  remark- 
ably well.  Under  ordinary  circumstances  many  long  years  must 
have  elapsed  ere  the  sparsely  settled  Mexican  province  could  have 
become  a  territory,  and  probably  it  would  hardly  have  attained  the 
dignity  of  a  State  even  as  soon  as  our  neighbor,  Oregon.  But  the 
discovery  of  gold  brought  people  here  from  every  country  on  earth 
and  by  1850  a  population  of  92,597  was  assembled  within  its 
borders.  The  further  growth  of  population  is  illustrated  by  the 
following  statement: 

1850 92,597 

1860  379,994 

1870  560,247 

1880 864,694 

1890 1,208,130 

1900 1,485,052 

From  these  figures  it  appears  that  our  population  has  increased 
1 6  fold,  while  that  of  the  country  at  large  has  only  increased  three 
fold.  It  has  grown  much  faster  than  either  New  York  or  Illinois, 
two  great  states,  the  one  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  and  the  other  the 
empire  state  of  the  Middle  West,  as  New  York's  increase  has  been 
less  than  three  fold  and  that  of  Illinois  not  quite  six  fold.  Our  in- 
crease in  the  first  decade  was  over  400%,  while  in  the  second  decade, 
it  exceeded  50%;  in  the  third  it  approximated  60%,  between  1880 
and  1900,  it  was  about  40%,  from  1890  to  1900  about  25%.     And 


8  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

though  this  last  shows  a  falling  off  from  previous  decades,  it  much 
exceeds  that  of  the  country  at  large,  which  was  only  about  20%.  We 
are  satisfied  that  the  next  ten  years  will  show  a  much  better  record 
than  the  past,  and  the  census  of  1910  nearly  if  not  quite  two 
millions  of  people.  During  the  past  twenty  years  the  growth  of 
population  has  been  principally  in  the  coast  section  from  Del  Norte 
south,  in  the  great  cities,  in  the  lower  San  Joaquin  valley  and  in 
Southern  California,  the  latter  especially.  There  is  now  a  general 
and  healthy  growth  all  over  the  State. 

The  growth  of  San  Francisco,  the  metropolis  of  California,  is  in 
some  sense  indicative  of  the  State  at  large.  Hence  the  following 
figures  will  be  generally  interesting. 

1850 30,000 

1860 56,802 

1870 149,473 

1880   233,959 

1890  298,977 

1900 342,762 

Here  we  have  an  increase  in  the  first  decade  of  about  eighty-six 
percent,  in  the  second  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  per  cent,  in  the 
next  about  fifty-four  per  cent  and  in  the  fourth  of  about  twenty- 
eight  per  cent.  The  increase  in  the  ten  years  between  1890  and 
1900  was  fifteen  per  cent  nearly.  This  was  much  less  than  ex- 
pected and  was  somewhat  of  a  disappointment  to  our  people,  but  it 
is  accounted  for  by  two  causes — one,  the  increasing  number  of  citi- 
zens of  San  Francisco  who  seek  homes  in  the  beautiful  cities  around 
the  bay,  the  other,  the  succession  of  dull  business  years  that  were 
experienced  between  1892  and  1900.  But  a  change  has  come  over 
the  business  situation  and  the  city  is  filling  up  fast.  It  has  been 
estimated  in  1901  at  10,000,andif  thiskeepsup,of  which  there  is.little 
doubt,  the  population  of  the  city  will  fall  a  little  short  of  five  hun- 
dred thousand  in  1910.  The  city  has  entered  on  its  period  of 
second  growth  and  we  fully  expect  that  it3  population  will  have 
reached  the  million  mark  during  the  next  quarter  century  or  per- 
haps sooner.  The  country  around  San  Francisco  contains  nearly 
forty  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  State.  San  Francisco  is  a 
county  as  well  a3  a  eity  and  the  facts  regarding  its  growth,  progress 
and  present  condition  will  be  found  in  brief  detail   elsewhere.     We 


HENRY  T.  (JACK 
Governor  of  California 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  9 

may  estimate  the  population  of  San  Francisco  to-day  in  round  num- 
bers at  365,000  and  that  of  the  other  leading  centers  of  population 
as  follows: 

Alameda 19,000 

Bakersfield 7,000 

Benicia .     3,000 

Berkeley 14,500 

Eureka 9,000 

Fresno 16,000 

Grass  Valley 7,000 

Los  Gatos 3,750 

Los  Angeles 1 10,000 

Marysville 4,000 

Napa 4,500 

Oakland 69,000 

Pasadeua 10,000 

Petaluma 4,500 

Pomona   6,000 

Redding   3,500 

Bed  Bluff 3,500 

Redlinds 5, £00 

Riverside 9,000 

Sacramento  32,000 

San   Bernardino   7,500 

San  Diego   20,000 

San  Jose 23,500 

San  Luis  Obispo   4,000 

San  Rafael 5,000 

Santa  Ana 5, 500 

Santa  Barbara 7,500 

Santa  Clara 3,750 

Santa  Cruz 7.500 

Santa  Rosa 7,000 

StocktoD 20,000 

Vallejo 8,000 

Visalia 4,000 

Watsonville 4,000 

THE  STATE  BY  COUNTIES. 

ALAMEDA   COUNTY. 

Alameda  may  be  entitled  one  of  the  metropolitan  counties  of  the 
tate  as  most  of  its  population  is  strictly  metropolitan  in  the  proper 


10  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

sense  of  the  term.  Oakland,  Alameda  and  Berkeley  have  between 
them  not  less  than  103,000  people  at  date  of  present  writing  and  the 
number  of  people  within  their  municipal  boundaries  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing. It  will  without  doubt  be  150,000  by  1910.  The  water 
front  of  Oakland  is  14  miles  in  length  and  its  harbor,  when  properly 
dredged,  will  be  an  important  seat  of  commerce.  Alameda,  with 
the  construction  of  the  canal  proposed  between  Oakland  harbor  and 
the  estuary  of  San  Leandro,  will  be  an  island  and  a  seat,  not  only 
of  manufactures  and  commerce,  but  will  boast  of  some  of  the  finest 
mansions  in  the  State. 

The  country  possesses  rich,  black  adobe  soil  and  an  unusually 
large  proportion  of  its  737  square  miles  is  devoted  to  fruit  and  hop 
culture  and  wines  and  grape  growing.  It  is  famous  for  its  vege- 
tables, much  of  which,  being  canned,  find  their  way  to  all  parts  of 
the  world.     The  price  of  land  is  from  $250  to  $500  per  acre. 

The  county  has  abundance  of  coal  of  the  quality  known  as  lignite 
and  possesses  undoubted  indications  of  petroleum. 

It  has  several  important  manufactures  and  industries,  iron,  lum- 
ber, flour,  cotton  goods,  etc. 

ALPINE    COUNTY. 

Alpine  with  836  square  miles  has  a  sparse  population.  It  has 
several  fertile  valleys  and  forests  of  valuable  timber.  It  produces 
some  apples  and  about  30,000  lbs.  of  butter  annuallly.  It  is  a  stock 
raising  county  principally.  It  possesses  some  grand  and  wonderful 
scenery. 

AMADOR    COUNTY. 

Old  Amador  is  one  of  the  most  famous  counties  in  the  world, 
principally  noted  for  its  inexhaustible  auriferous  deposits.  It 
has  an  area  of  650  square  miles.  The  western  section  has  numerous 
fertile  valleys.  Hay,  grain,  alfalfa,  and  vegetables  for  home  con- 
sumption are  raised.  Fruit  raising  is  becoming  a  great  industry. 
Some  splendid  oranges  and  lemons  are  raised  there.  The  moun- 
tains contain  great  forests  of  sugar  and  white  Pine,  spruce  and 
cedar.  It  has  valuable  deposits  of  copper,  marble  and  other  build- 
ing stone,  coal  and  aluminous  clay. 

BUTTE   COUNTY. 

Butte  has  a  large  area  and  most  extensive  and  valuable  resources. 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  11 

Its  mountains  have  extensive  and  valuable  forests  of  sugar  pine, 
the  product  of  which  is  flumed  down  to  Moore's  Station,  The 
county  is  well  watered  and  has  rich  black  soil  for  cereals  and  red 
soil  for  fruits.  It  is  a  large  wheat  and  fruit  producer,  and  the  val- 
ley lands  give  four  crops  of  alfalfa  in  the  year.  It  produces  splen- 
did oranges  and  lemons.  Fruit  canning  is  amongst  its  industries. 
It  is  a  large  stock  raising  county.  It  was  a  great  mining  county 
and  for  years  produced  $20,000,000  worth  of  gold  annually.  Its 
industries  include  saw  milling,  flour  milling,  fruit  and  vegetable 
canning,  etc.  Its  lands  range  in  value  from  $10  to  $100  and  even 
$250  per  acre. 

CALAVERAS    COUNTY. 

Calaveras  with  its  971  square  miles  has  been  famous  of  old  for 
its  gold  mines  and  indeed  is  famous  still.  The  high  altitudes  are 
densely  timbered.  The  red  soil  of  the  foot  hills  is  well  adapted  for 
fruit  and  grain.  Most  of  its  agricultural  products  find  a  good 
market  at  home.  The  county  raises  splendid  fruit  and  has  some 
fine  vineyards.  It  has  13  copper  and  2  iron  mines  and  one  produc- 
ing mineral  paint. 

COLUSA    COUNTY. 

Colusa  down  in  the  valley  has  an  area  of  1 202  square  miles,  and 
is  noted  for  her  grain  harvests.  The  soil  is  a  loose  sandy  loam  and 
adobe  and  rich  and  fertile  in  the  foot  hills.  Although  devoted 
principally  to  wheat,  fruit  culture  has  been  carried  on  with  success. 
It  has  a  drying  and  packing  establishment.  Colusa  has  a  fine  flour- 
ing mill.  It  has  rich  oil  indications  and  drilling  has  been  prose- 
cuted during  the  past  year.  Its  oil  is  of  a  superior  quality.  Land 
is  worth  $10  to  $50  per  acre. 

CONTRA    COSTA. 

This  county  being  located  on  the  bay  and  the  San  Joaquin  river, 
its  situation  is  peculiarly  favorable  for  marketing  its  products.  Its 
area  is  734  square  miles.  It  has  110,000  acres  of  rich  alluvial  and 
tule  lands.  Grain  raising  is  the  principal  industry  although  fruit 
is  not  neglected.  It  raises  much  blooded  stock.  Its  coal  mines 
have  long  been  worked  and  support  a  fairly  profitable  industry.  It 
is  quite  a  manufacturing  county,  with  its  flour  mills,  manufactures 
of  explosives,  canneries,  packing  houses,  planing  mills,  paper  mills; 


12  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

smelting  works,  etc.  A  new  city,  Point  Richmond,  the  terminus 
of  the  Santa  Fe  Rai'road,  has  been  established  duriug  the  past  year. 
A  smelting  plant  has  recently  been  established  at  Bay  Point,  while 
the  Peyton  Chemical  Works  i3  another  new  establishment. 

DEL   NORTE   COUNTY. 

Located  at  the  extreme  northwestern  corner  of  the  State,  Del 
Norte,  with  its  1546  square  miles,  has  been  noted  principally  for 
its  magnificent  forests  of  redwood  timber,  but  its  valleys  possess  a 
fertile  soil.  It  is  favorable  for  dairying  and  ships  annually  600,000 
lbs,  of  butter  to  the  San  Francisco  market.  There  are  valuable 
canneries  on  the  Klamath  and  Smith  Rivers. 

EL    DORADO    COUNTY. 

El  Dorado  with  its  1890  square  miles  and  its  enormous  yield  of 
gold  has  been  one  of  the  history  making  counties  of  the  State.  The 
mountains  are  clothed  with  heavy  forests  of  valuable  timber. 
Wheat,  barley  and  hay  are  raised  in  the  lower  plains  and  foot  hills. 
Large  quantities  of  the  finest  fruits  are  annually  produced.  The 
olive  and  the  orange  are  amongst  its  productions.  Cattle  and  sheep 
are  extensively  raised.  The  first  discovery  of  gold  in  1848  must  be 
credited  to  El  Dorado  and  it  is  a  large  producer  still.  The  in- 
dustrial interests  of  the  county  received  considerable  development 
last  year.  A  door,  sash  and  window  factory  has  been  established 
in  Placerville.  The  slate  industry  is  also  being  developed  largely. 
Its  marble  ranks  with  the  finest  in  the  State  and  it  has  excellent 
clay  for  brick  making.  Land  is  from  $10  to  $20  per  acre,  according 
to  location. 

FRESNO    COUNTY. 

Fresno,  from  whatever  point  of  view  we  regard  it,  is  one  of  the 
most  favored  counties  of  the  State.  It  is  noted  as  a  wheat  and 
fruit  producer  and  it  has  added  to  this  the  credit  of  being  one  of  the 
greatest  oil  producing  sections  of  the  State.  Its  area  is  5940  square 
miles.  Fresno  City  with  16,000  people,  is  a  great  railroad  center 
and  has  a  large  population  which  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  moun- 
tains are  largely  covered  with  splendid  sugar  pine  timber.  Most  of 
the  raisins  produced  in  the  State  are  the  product  of  Fresno  County. 
It  is  also  a  large  wine  producer.  It  is  famous  for  its  big  trees,  the 
Sequoia  Gigantea.     The  mountains  are  full  of  minerals.     Amongst 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  13 

its  manufactures  are  lumber,  flour,  raisins,  canned  and  dried  fruits, 
doors  and  sashes.  An  agricultural  implements  factory  and  a  furni- 
ture factory  are  amongst  the  new  projects  in  the  industrial  field. 

GLENN    COUNTY. 

Glenn  County,  named  after  Hugh  J.  Glenn,  the  wheat  grower, 
has  an  area  of  1248  square  miles.  It  has  a  fertile  soil  and  is  well 
watered  by  the  great  canal  that  leaves  the  Sacramento  about  10 
miles  north  of  Willows.  It  is  and  has  been  one  of  the  great  wheat 
growing  counties  of  the  world,  is  annually  making  headway  in 
deciduous  fruit  and  has  quite  an  area  planted  to  citrus  fruit  tree?. 
The  western  hills  are  in  places  covered  with  wild  oats,  clover  and 
bunch  grass  and  it  is  a  fine  country  for  stock.  There  are  saw 
mills  in  the  mountains.     Land  sells  at  $10  to  $50  per  acre. 

HUMBOLDT   COUNTY. 

The  area  of  this  county  is  3,507  square  miles.  It  contains  the 
greatest  area  of  redwood  timber  lands  on  the  globe,  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  a  million  acres  being  thickly  covered  with  this  valuable 
lumber.  About  one-fifth  of  the  area  consists  of  good  agricultural 
land,  while  a  little  over  one-fifth  is  devoted  to  stock  raising  and 
dairying.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  especially  that  of  the  Eel  River 
valley,  about  Humboldt  Bay  and  near  the  Klamath.  This  is  a 
great  wool  growing  county,  yielding  about  900,000  lbs.  of  splendid 
wool  annually.  The  county  has  200,000  acres  of  pine,  spruce  and 
cedar  and  the  hills  are  covered  with  white  oak.  Indications  of  oil 
are  found  but  there  have  been  no  practical  results  as  yet.  Besides 
the  great  lumber  and  shingle  mills,  the  county  has  ship  yards,  plan- 
ing mills,  sash  and  door  factories,  creameries,  and  woolen  mills. 
Iron  works  and  a  foundry  have  also  been  erected.  Its  lands  are 
worth  $10  to  $100  per  acre. 

INYO    COUNTY. 

In  area,  Inyo  is  a  small  State  in  itself,  boasting  10,224  square 
miles.  It  is  east  of  the  Sierras  and  has  many  high  mountain  peaks 
such  as  Mount  Whitney,  14,898  feet  high.  The  area  of  agricultu  al 
land  is  small.  There  is  a  fine  quality  of  marble.  Soda,  borax  and 
sulphur  are  found  in  almost  inexhaustible  quantities.  A  great  deal 
of  argentiferous  galena  can  also  be  found.     It  is  a  land  of  moun- 


14  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

tains.  Prices  of  land  range  from  $1.25  for  government  land  to  $10 
and  $20  per  acre  for  other  land.  This  is  the  banner  honey  raising 
county. 

KERN    COUNTY. 

This  county  has  an  area  of  8159  square  miles  and  is  larger  than 
Conneticut,  Delaware  and  Rhode  Island  and  almost  as  large  as 
Massachusetts.  It  has  wonderful  resources  and  is  one  of  the  rich- 
est inland  counties  in  the  State.  Much  of  the  soil  is  of  unsurpassed 
fertility.  It  has  an  extensive  and  eostly  system  of  irrigation,  con- 
sisting of  many  canals  and  laterals.  The  mountains  have  large 
forests  of  pine,  redwood,  cedar,  fir,  spruce  and  hemlock.  Large 
area3  are  devoted  to  fruit  culture  and  much  raisins  are  produced. 
Wheat  is  the  great  grain  crop,  barley  coming  next.  Alfalfa  is  ex- 
tensively cultivated.  Stock  raising  is  a  great  industry  here.  But 
petroleum  mining,  which  as  an  industry  has  come  to  stay,  is  now 
the  greatest  and  has  added  millions  on  millions  to  the  wealth  of  the 
county  during  the  past  two  years.  Shipments  of  live  stock  from 
this  county  have  added  in  value  a  million  dollars  a  year.  The 
value  of  taxable  property  increased  $5,000,000  from  1900  to  1901. 
Millions  of  dollars  have  been  made  in  the  oil  industry  during  the 
year.  The  districts  are  Kern  River,  Sunset,  McKittrick  and  Mid- 
way. Branch  railroads  link  all  these  districts  with  the  main  lines 
of  road  throughout  the  county. 

KINGS    COUNTY. 

The  county  of  Kings,  one  of  the  State's  new  counties,  has  an  area 
of  1257  square  miles  and  is  a  land  of  diversified  industries.  Stock 
raising,  dairying,  fruit  growing  and  farming  are  making  rapid 
strides.     Canneries  and  wineries  have  been  established. 

LAKE    COUNTY. 

This  county  has  an  area  of  1332  square  miles.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  a  land  of  lovely  lakes  and  enchanting  valleys.  It  has 
excellent  valleys  of  great  fertility.  Its  mountains  are  clothed  with 
fir,  sugar  pine,  cedar,  and  oak  and  it  has  quite  a  number  of  saw 
mills.  It  has  much  mineral  wealth  but  its  principal  mining  in- 
dustry is  quicksilver.  Unimproved  land  sells  at  $30  to  $50  per 
acre  and  improved  from  $50  to  $100.     Near  the  towns  better  prices 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  15 

prevail.  One  of  its  principal  industries  is  th9  growth  and  canning 
of  beans.  The  bottling  and  shipment  of  mineral  water  was  very 
large  during  the  year. 

LASSEN    COUNTY. 

This  is  a  county  of  mountains.  Its  area  is  4750  square  miles. 
About  one-third  of  this  area  consists  of  valleys  and  foothills.  There 
are  entensive  systems  of  irrigation  in  this  county.  Grain  and  fruit 
growing  are  flourishing  industries.  Splendid  apples  are  raised 
here.  Stock  raising  and  dairying  are  amongst  the  leading  pursuits. 
There  are  about  800,000  acres  of  splendid  timber  land.  Improved 
land  with  water  sell  from  $25  to  $50  per  acre  and  in  some  instances 
for  even  $100. 

LOS  ANGELES    COUNTY. 

This  in  many  respects  is  one  of  the  most  notable  counties  of  the 
State.  The  county's  capital,  Los  Angeles,  was  one  of  the  oldest 
settlements  of  white  people  in  California  and  for  a  long  time  held  the 
position  of  being  the  leading  city  in  Southern  California.  It  is  now 
the  second  largest  city  in  the  State  and  one  of  the  finest  in  America. 
The  area  of  the  county  is  comparatively  small — only  3957£  square 
miles,  but  it  is  a  great  producer  of  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits,  of 
wine  and  petroleum.  In  the  latter  it  has  led  all  the  rest  of  the 
State.  Within  its  borders  the  first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  by 
white  men.  About  four-fifths  of  the  area  of  the  county  is  capable 
of  cultivation.  It  possesses  several  varieties  of  soil  all  producing 
large  crops  with  irrigation.  It  has  a  large  grain  area  and  produces 
fine  sugar  beets.  It  grows  fine  crops  of  winter  vegetables.  It  pro- 
duces large  quantities  of  apricots,  prunes,  and  deciduous  fruits 
generally  and  is  noted  for  its  big  crops  of  strawberries.  Much 
fine  honey  is  made  in  the  county.  It  has  an  ostrich  farm,  the 
only  one  in  the  United  States.  Copper,  iron  and  coal  have  been 
found  within  its  borders.  For  railroad  facilities  it  is  equalled  only 
by  few  counties  in  the  State.  It  has  large  and  flourishing  manu- 
factories. It  has  a  fine  climate  and  beautiful  scenery  and  attracts 
thousands  of  tourists  yearly. 

MADERA   COUNTY. 

This  one  of  the  new  counties  of  the  State  has  an  area  of  2140 
square  miles.     It  contains  immense  forests  of  sugar  pine  and  in 


16  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

mineral  resources  promises  to  take  a  leading  rank.  The  iron  ore  of 
the  Minarets  is  likely  to  create  an  industrial  revolution  in  the 
State  when  it  is  properly  exploited.  A  company  with  an  im- 
mense capital  has  been  formed  to  do  this.  The  lumber  business  is 
the  principal  one  in  the  county  and  has  received  a  great  impetus  last 
year.  Amongst  the  industries  may  be  numbered  a  box  factory  and 
an  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  matches.  With  the  re- 
vival of  the  lumber  industry  and  the  development  of  its  iron  and 
galena  areas,  Madera  will  be  a  most  prosperous  county. 

MARIN    COUNTY. 

Just  opposite  San  Francisco,  Marin  County,  with  its  516  square 
miles  of  territory  is  daily  growing  in  importance.  San  Rafael,  its 
capital,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  the  State,  while  Sausalito 
and  its  suburbs  are  growing  with  the  growth  of  the  great  cities 
around  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  There  are  some  magnificent  red- 
woods within  the  limits  of  the  county  and  it  possesses  an  unusual 
amount  of  beautiful  scenery,  that  of  Mount  Tamalpais  being 
especially  notable.  It  has  a  large  area  of  cultivated  land  and  is 
blessed  with  a  fertile  soil.  Dairying  and  raising  of  vegetables  are 
the  two  principal  industries.  It  produces  a  great  deal  of  excellent 
fruit.  There  are  good  oil  indications  and  rich  copper  ore  has  been 
found  within  its  borders. 

MARIPOSA   COUNTY, 

Mariposa  has  an  area  of  1580  square  miles.  Most  of  the  county 
consists  of  mountains  covered  with  immense  forests  of  sugar  pine. 
The  Mariposa  Big  Tree  Grove  with  its  giant  Sequoias  is  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  world,  as  is  also  the  famous  valley  of  Yosemite. 
Mariposa  is  devoted  to  mining  and  stock  raising  principally.  It 
has  great  adaptability  to  fruit  growing.  Lands  for  farming  vary  in 
value  from  $17  to  $35  per  acre. 

MENDOCINO    COUNTY. 

This  county  with  its  3460  square  miles  is  one  of  the  great  red- 
wood districts  of  the  State  and  contains  magnificent  forests  of  that 
valuable  timber.  That  and  wool  of  fine  quality  are  its  two  princi- 
pal products.  It  is  also  noted  for  its  hops  and  its  dairy  interest, 
while  fruit  growing  has  made  considerable  progress.  It  has  about 
900,000  acres  of  redwood  and  the  standing  timber  is  estimated  at 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  17 

11,000,000,000  feet.  The  redwood  belt  runs  from  north  to  south 
through  the  county  and  is  from  15  to  30  miles  in  width.  It  ships 
largely  of  railroad  ties  and  tan  bark.  Its  coal  deposits  are  believed 
to  be  very  extensive,  having  been  traced  in  the  county  and  beyond 
it  for  a  distance  of  100  miles.  Quicksilver,  gold  and  silver,  asbestos 
and  copper  are  also  found.  Land  commands  from  $25  to  $50  per 
acre.  The  tan  bark  industry  has  brought  $100,000  to  the  county 
during  1901. 

MERCED  COUNTY. 

Merced  with  an  area  of  1750  square  miles  is  one  of  the  great 
grain  producing  counties  of  the  State.  It  is  principally  one  vast 
plain  with  a  rich  soil.  A  considerable  portion  is  irrigated  and  ar- 
tesian water  can  be  had  at  depths  varying  from  100  to  200  feet  on 
the  east  side  and  from  200  to  400  feet  on  the  west  side  of  the  San 
Joaquin  River.  There  are  five  crops  of  alfalfa  raised  yearly  with 
irrigation.  All  the  fruits  of  the  State  are  produced  here.  There 
are  large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  raised  in  this  county.  The 
price  of  land  varies  from  $10  to  $100  per  acre,  according  to  location 
etc. 

MODOC  COUNTY, 

Modoc  has  an  area  of  4097  square  miles.  More  than  one-half  its 
area  consists  of  mountain  lands.  A  large  portion  of  the  area  is 
capable  of  cultivation  and  possesses  a  rich  soil  There  are  large 
tracts  covered  with  cedar  and  sugar  pine.  Stock  raising  is  the 
principal  industry.  There  are  large  deposits  of  aluminum  and  coal 
and  indications  of  oil.  The  sash  and  door  industry  is  one  of  those 
carried  on  in  the  county. 

MONO  COUNTY, 

Mono  has  2796  square  miles.  It  consists  principally  of  moun- 
tain masses,  lakes  and  alkali  flats  but  there  are  rich  valleys  in  the 
west  of  the  county.  It  was  once  the  seat  of  a  great  mining  indus- 
try with  Bodie  as  its  center.  There  are  large  quantities  of  sugar 
pine  and  tamarack  on  the  mountains.  Stock  raising  is  the  princi- 
pal industry.  The  mining  industry  of  the  county  has  undergone 
considerable  development  during  the  past  year. 


18  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

MONTEREY    COUNTY. 

Monterey  has  3450  square  miles  of  fertile  producing  territory  for 
the  most  part.  The  valleys,  the  Salinas  Valley  principally,  has  rich 
black  adobe  alluvium,  while  the  hills  are  •well  suited  for  the  rais- 
ing of  live  stock.  All  descriptions  of  fruit  grow  in  the  valleys.  The 
Salinas  Valley  has  about  1000  square  miles  of  rich  grain  and  fruit 
lands.  Grain,  beets  and  fruit  are  the  principal  products.  Stock 
raising  is  also  flourishing.  There  is  a  considerable  tract  of  redwood 
near  the  Coast.  The  county  has  extensive  deposits  of  oil,  asphal- 
tum,  copper,  gypsum,  and  black  oxide  of  Manganese  as  also  coal  and 
glass  sand  is  abundant  on  the  beach  near  Monterey.  The  waters  of 
Monterey  Bay  swarm  with  food  fish,  of  which  there  are  150  species 
which  are  caught  in  the  vicinity.  Some  of  the  most  beautiful 
seaside  resorts  in  the  world  are  found  on  the  coast  of  this  county, 
especially  on  Monterey  Bay.  The  sugar  beet  industry  is  one  of  the 
most  important  of  the  county.  Abalone  canning  factories  have 
been  established  near  Point  Sur  and  Point  Lobos,  a  creamery  at 
Oastroville  and  one  at  Salinas  and  a  salmon  cannery  at  Monterey, 
all  within  the  year. 

NAPA   COUNTY. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  productive  counties  of  the 
State,  though  its  area  is  only  800  square  miles.  It  is  also  quite 
famous  for  its  oil  as  well.  It  is  sheltered  on  all  sides  by  mountains 
and  is  as  beautiful  a3  it  is  fertile.  It  possesses  four  different  de- 
scriptions of  soil.  One,  a  decomposed  volcanic  formation  is  excel- 
lent for  grapes  and  produces  as  fine  wine  as  is  made  from  grapes 
grown  in  similar  soil  along  the  slopes  and  lateral  valleys  of  old 
Vesuvius.  The  leading  industry  of  the  county  is  grape  growing  and 
wine  making,  but  a  great  deal  of  deciduous  fruits  are  grown  and 
some  citrus  as  well.  Stock  raising  is  one  of  the  industries  of  the 
county.  Fir,  pine,  cedar,  madrona  and  other  timber  is  found  on  the 
mountains.  Napa  contains  some  of  the  best  quicksilver  mines  in 
the  State.  The  oil  found  in  Beryessa  Valley  is  generally  superior 
to  that  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Unimproved  land 
sells  from  $7.50  to  $150  an  acre  and  improved  at  $100  to  $300  with 
some  bearing  orchards,  etc.,  for  which  $500  an  acre  is  asked.     The 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  19 

county  has  many  industries  besides  that  of  wine  making,  such  as 
canning  and  drying  of  fruit,  tanning,  flour  milling,  brandy  distilling, 
etc. 

NEVADA  COUNTY. 

Nevada  county,  one  of  our  great  mining  counties,  has  an  area  of 
958  square  miles.  About  one-third  of  the  county,  the  western  por- 
tion lying  next  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  is  suitable  for  agriculture, 
while  the  middle  portion  is  eminently  fitted  for  fruit  culture.  This 
section  also  abounds  in  mineral  deposits.  The  eastern  and  moun- 
tainous parts  have  an  inexhaustible  water  supply  and  splendid 
reservoir  sites.  The  mountains  are  clothed  with  noble  forests,  the 
principal  being  sugar  and  white  pine,  fir,  spruce  and  cedar.  The 
average  cut  of  the  Truckee  basin  is  about  50,000,000  feet  annually. 
The  high  Sierras  in  summer  are  clothed  with  nutritious  grasses  and 
stock  raising  and  dairying  are  profitable  pursuits.  Grass  Valley  is 
one  of  the  great  mining  districts  of  the  State  and  the  quartz  lodes 
of  that  section  have  yielded  over  $100,000,000  in  gold,  and  still  this 
industry  is  just  at  its  inception.  The  storage  reservoirs  cover  2,298 
acres  and  have  a  capacity  of  6,000,000,000  gallons.  Three  crops  of 
alfalfa  and  red  clover  are  raised  in  a  year  still  leaving  a  part  of  the 
time  for  pasture.  There  are  many  industries  carried  on  in  this 
county — mining,  fruit  culture  and  lumber  being  the  principal. 
Amongst  Nevada  county's  industries  are  a  great  paper  mill  at 
Floriston  and  a  big  box  factory  at  Hobart  Mills. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

The  county  of  Orange  has  an  area  of  780  square  miles.  It  is  one 
of  the  great  fruit  growing  counties  of  the  south.  The  beet  growing 
industry  has  also  established  a  permanent  location  here.  The  wine 
industry  is  one  of  the  county's  specialties.  It  has  many  profitable 
raisin  vineyards.  While  it  is  one  of  the  centers  of  the  citrus  fruit 
industry;  it  also  produces  large  quantities  of  deciduous  fruits  of  all 
descriptions.  Most  of  the  area  of  the  county  is  cultivable.  Large 
quantities  of  honey  are  raised  here.  In  the  mountains  are  found 
deposits  of  galena,  silver,  quicksilver,  etc.  Some  fine  racing  stocks 
are  raised  here.     Amongst  the  product  of  this  county  are  bitumen, 


20  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

limestone,  cement,  pottery  clays  and  gypsum.  There  is  a  large 
beet  sugar  factory  at  Los  Alamitos.  This  county  ships  one-half  of 
all  the  vegetable  shipments  of  Southern  California  and  one-fourth  of 
those  of  the  State.     It  is  also  a  big  oil  producer. 

PLACER   COUNTY. 

This,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  counties  of  the  State,  has  an  area 
of  1484  square  miles.  The  western  part  where  the  soil  is  a  loose 
gray  granite  loam  is  devoted  to  grain  growing.  Fruit  growing  and 
mining  are  its  principal  industries.  It  produces  some  of  the  earliest 
and  finest  oranges  in  the  State.  About  one-sixth  of  the  county's 
area — 140,000  acres,  is  devoted  to  agriculture.  The  eastern  part  of 
the  county  is  mountainous  and  has  large  forests  of  sugar  pine,  fir 
and  other  timber.  There  are  great  granite  quarries  at  Rocklin  and 
a  large  manufacture  of  pottery  at  Lincoln.  The  country  is  one  of 
the  largest  gold  producers  and  has  iron,  copper  and  other  mineral 
deposits  of  great  value.  The  price  of  land  varies  from  $20  to  8100 
per  acre  and  in  some  of  the  fruit  sections  it  goes  as  high  as  $300  to 
$500  per  acre. 

PLUMAS   COUNTY. 

The  area  of  Plumas  is  2361  square  miles.  This  is  a  county  prin- 
cipally of  mountains,  but  containing  many  fertile  valleys.  The 
only  farm  products  raised  are  those  needed  for  local  consumption. 
The  same  is  true  of  fruit.  Apples  grow  here  to  perfection.  There 
is  abundance  of  natural  grasses  and  stock  raising  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal industries.  The  county  produces  splendid  butter.  There  are 
magnificent  forests  of  sugar  and  white  pine,  fir,  spruce  and  cedar. 
The  principal  industry  is  gold  mining.  The  timber  belt  is  being 
penetrated  by  railroads  and  the  Plumas  copper  belt  extends  north 
and  northwesterly  about  10  miles. 

RIYERSIDE    COUNTY. 

This  county  is  one  of  the  centers  of  the  citrus  growing  industry  of 
the  State  and  within  an  area  of  thirty  square  miles  surrounding  the 
city  of  the  same  name,  5535  cars  of  oranges  and  250  of  lemons  were 
shipped  during  the  past  season.     The  county  has  an  area  of  7008 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  21 

square  miles.  The  northwestern  portion  consists  of  the  greater  part 
of  an  area  of  a  thousand  square  miles  of  vine  clad  and  orchard  cov- 
ered valleys  and  orange  groves  that  has  been  styled  "The  Italy  of 
America." 

SACRAMENTO   COUNTY. 

Though  one  of  the  smallest  counties  of  the  State,  containing  only 
1057  square  miles,  Sacramento  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  pros- 
perous. Sacramento  City,  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  is  the 
capitol  of  the  State  and  is  the  seat  of  a  growing  commerce  and 
diversified  industries.  Its  trade  extends  all  through  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  and  even  into  Oregon  and  Nevada.  The  county  con- 
sists principally  of  a  rich  alluvial  plain  of  wonderful  fertility 
There  is  much  reclaimed  land  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the 
county  which  is  worth  $1000  an  acre.  The  principal  products  are 
wheat,  barley,  hay,  fruit,  vegetables  and  wine  grapes.  The  annual 
wine  yield  has  been  large  for  many  years.  The  county  grows 
some  splendid  oranges.  Sacramento  City  is  a  great  railroad  center 
and  has  a  trade  of  $80,000,000  a  year.  The  city  and  county  have 
been  especially  prosperous  during  the  past  year.  Wheat  and  hay 
land  is  worth  $50  to  $100  per  acre  and  fruit  land  $500  to  $1000  an 
acre,  except  in  the  rich  tule  lands  where  it  is  much  more  valuable. 

SAN  BENITO   COUNTY. 

The  area  of  this  county  is  1476  square  miles.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous land  but  with  a  number  of  very  fertile  valleys.  There  is  a  large 
amount  of  high  land  suited  for  pasturage.  There  is  a  considerable 
extent  of  land  devoted  to  fruit  growing;  stock  raising  is  a  thriving 
business.  It  is  noted  for  its  quicksilver  product  and  the  New  Idrid 
has  yielded  altogether  about  190,000  flasks  worth  $9,750,010. 
Discoveries  of  new  and  valuable  deposits  of  Cinnabar  have  been 
made  during  the  past  year.  Antimony,  gypsum  and  other  minerals 
are  found.     The  oil  industry  of  the  county  is  promising. 

SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 

This  is  the  largest  county  of  the  State,  having  an  area  of  20,160 
square  mile?,  greater  than  that  of  many  a  kingdom.     A  large  part 


22  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

of  the  area  consists  of  mountains  and  wild  rugged  sandy  deserts  but 
there  are  large  tracts  of  the  finest  agricultural  and  fruit  lands  under 
the  sun,  while  its  mineral  wealth  is  so  great  that  it  can  hardly  be 
estimated.  Nearly  half  a  million  acres  of  land  are  or  can  be  irri- 
gated. The  amount  of  grain  grown  is  small  but  the  output  of  citrus 
and  deciduous  fruits  is  enormous  and  the  beet  crop  is  of  great 
annual  value.  The  county  yields  every  year  a  large  amount  of 
wine.  There  are  heavy  forests  of  sugar  pine,  fir  and  spruce  in  the 
mountains.  Borax  is  one  of  the  principal  mineral  products  while 
gold  and  silver,  plumbago,  soda,  coal,  asbestos,  iron,  lead  and  copper 
are  also  found.  Slover  Mountain,  near  Colton,  is  an  almost  solid 
body  of  marble.  Oil  too,  is  found.  There  are  many  new  industries 
starting  up.  There  is  a  large  cement  works  at  Colton,  while  the 
county  produces  a  good  deal  of  lime.  There  will  be  an  immense 
horse  farm  at  Victor. 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

This,  one  of  the  most  promising  counties  of  the  State,  has  a  large 
area — 8,800  square  miles.  With  its  principal  city,  San  Diego,  it  is 
bound  to  become  one  of  the  most  important.  San  Diego  has  one  of 
the  finest  harbors  in  the  world  and  is  bound  to  have  its  share  of 
Pacific  commerce.  About  two-thirds  of  San  Diego  county,  the 
eastern  part,  is  desert,  but  with  water  it  has  great  possibilities. 
The  mountains  west  of  that  have  some  splendid  valleys  where 
deciduous  fruits  may  be  raised  and  that  are  full  of  minerals.  The 
western  section  of  the  county,  the  mesas  or  table  lands  and  valleys 
and  the  hills  intervening,  are  very  fertile.  The  county  has  some 
splendid  reservoirs  and  is  gradually  all  being  subjected  to  irrigation. 
There  is  considerable  stock  raised.  It  produces  a  large  amount  of 
honey.  Besides  the  usual  citrus  and  deciduous  frusts,  it  has  guavas, 
bananas  and  limes.  India  rubber,  cassava  and  camphor  flourish. 
Amongst  its  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  coal,  gypsum, 
asbestos,  mica,  ocher,  salt,  alum,  borax,  quicksilver,  sulphur  and 
iron.  It  has  quite  a  number  of  flourishing  industries,  amongst 
which  may  be  reckoned  the  manufacture  of  citric  acid,  lemon  ex- 
tract and  lemon  juice  from  the  lemon. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  23 

The  County  Assessor  in  his  returns  July  1st,  1901,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing data: 

"FRUIT  TREES  GROWING  IN  THE  COUNTY. 

No.  Bearing    No.  Non-bearing 

Apple 40,000  20,000 

Apricot 46,500  27,700 

Cherry 3,000  2,500 

Fig 16,000  11,500 

Olive 40,000  82,500 

Peach 60,000  80,000 

Pear 18,000  12,500 

Prune,  French 40,000  70,000 

Prune,  other  kinds 6,000  4,000 

Lemon 170,000  250,000 

Orange 75,000  45,000 

Almond 5.0C0  14,500 

Walnut 4,500  16,000 

Grape  Fruit 8,000  12,000 

Total    532,000  648,200 

The  number  of  acres  sown  to  hay  and  grain  for  the  crop  of  1901 
being  as  follows: 

Wheat 10,000  acres 

Oats.... 4,000     " 

Barley 6,000     " 

Corn 200     " 

Hay ..25,000      " 

Total 45,200  acres 

The  acres  of  grape  vines  being  as  follows: 

For  table 275  acreo 

"     raisins 4,850      " 

"     wine 450      " 

Total   5,775  acres 

During  the  year  1901  San  Diego  county  shipped  out  100  car- 
loads of  honey  valued  at  $100,000,  and  during  the  same  period 
300,000  boxes  of  apples  were  gathered  from  the  Julian  apple  belt. 
The  shipments  of  oranges  were  about  250  cars,  lemons  about  750 
cars. 

The  value  of  the  gold  output  though  large  I  am  not  able  to  give. 
Considerable   mining  is  going   on  throughout  the  county,  not  only 


24  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

for  gold  but  also  for  copper,  while  large  shipments  are  being  regu- 
larly made  of  lepidolite  from  the  deposit  near  Pala,  and  during 
this  same  period  a  very  valuable  deposit  of  tourmaline  of  the  very 
finest  quality  was  uncovered  near  Mesa  Grande.  At  this  writing 
some  eight  or  ten  wells  are  being  sunk  in  different  parts  of  the 
county  for  oil  and  the  prospects  are  said  to  be  good  for  finding  a 
large  flow. 

H.  P.  Wood,  Secretary." 

SAN  JOAQUIN   COUNTY. 

This,  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  richest  counties  of  the  State,  is 
of  comparatively  small  area,  only  1370  square  miles.  It  contains 
the  prosperous  and  enterprising  city  of  Stockton,  which  has  a  great 
commerce  and  thriving  manufactures,  especially  of  agricultural 
implements,  where  it  takes  the  lead  as  to  value.  It  is  one  of  the 
•great  wheat  counties  of  the  State.  In  Stockton  are  located  im- 
mense flouring  mills  which  have  a  capacity  of  nine  thousand  barrels 
a  day.  It  has  extensive  fruit  canneries  and  woolen  manufact- 
ories. Along  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers  are  won- 
derfully fertile  tule  lands  and  the  islands  in  the  rivers 
cannot  be  exceeded  for  productiveness.  One-fifth  almost  of 
the  lands  of  the  county — 150,000  acres — are  in  the  delta  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  all  are  under  cultivation.  Most  of  the  rest  of 
the  county  consists  of  level  land  of  great  fertility.  Artesian  water 
in  most  places  can  be  found  at  500  feet  deep  and  irrigation  facili- 
ties can  be  had  for  nearly  all  the  county  lands  that  require  them. 
The  county  is  a  large  fruit  and  wine  producer — of  the  latter  the 
yield  in  1901  was  2,000,000  gallons  of  sweet  and  1,000,000  gallons 
of  dry.  It  produces  raisins  of  fine  quality.  A  great  deal  of  stock 
is  raised  in  the  county.  The  quantity  of  vegetables  raised  last  year 
was  surprising — amongst  other  articles  1,800,000  sacks  of  potatoes 
on  the  islands.  There  will  be  three  immense  asparagus  canneries 
erected  on  these  islands  during  the  present  year.  Foothill  lands 
sell  at  $20  to  $25  an  acre  and  valley  lands,  $30  to  $50.  This  is 
for  unimproved  lands,  improved  being  from  $100  to  $300  an  acre 
and  even  higher — as  high  as  $1000  per  acre  on  the  islands. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  25 

SAN   LUIS   OBISPO  COUNTY. 

This  county  has  an  area  of  3573  square  miles.  The  west  sec- 
tion consists  of  foot  hills  and  lovely  valleys,  running  from 
the  central  chain  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  which 
forms  its  backbone,  while  the  eastern  part  has  a  large  num- 
ber of  similar  valleys,  but  larger.  The  soil  is  adobe  and  sandy 
with  red  lands  in  the  foot  hills.  Cereals,  beans  and  fruits  are  the 
principal  products.  Stock  raising  is  a  very  profitable  industry. 
This  is  a  great  dairy  county.  There  are  important  fisheries  on 
the  coast.  Its  principal  minerals  are  quicksilver,  copper,  onyx, 
chrome,  coal,  gold  and  silver  and  asphaltum.  Oil  will  be  a  very 
important  product.  During  the  year  there  has  been  an  addition  of 
200  flasks  a  month  to  the  quicksilver  product. 

SAN  MATEO  COUNTY. 

This  county  which  is  so  close  to  San  Francisco  that  it  may  al- 
most be  considered  metropolitan,  and  some  of  the  most  important 
towns  of  which  are  practically  suburbs  of  the  great  city  has  an 
area  of  only  425  square  miles.  The  Sierra  Morena  divides  the 
county  in  about  halves.  While  some  wheat,  barley,  oats,  beans, 
etc.  are  raised,  the  principal  interests  are  vegetable  cultivation  and 
stock  raising.  Fruit  growing  is  only  carried  on  in  a  very  limited 
degree.  In  the  southwest  of  the  county,  in  what  is  known  as  the 
Big  Basin,  are  100,000  acres  of  magnificent  redwoods.  The  county 
has  many  important  industries,  amongst  which  may  be  noted  the 
packing  houses  at  Baden,  as  also  the  pottery  works  and  paint 
works.     Oil  indications  have  been  found  near  the  coast. 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

Santa  Barbara,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  fertile  count  es  of 
the  State  has  an  area  of  2,450  square  miles.  The  Santa  Ynez 
Mountains  divide  the  county  east  and  west,  while  a  large  portion 
of  the  northwestern  part  is  mountainous  also.  There  are  four 
important  valleys  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county — Santa  Maria, 
Lompoc,  Los  Alamos  and  Santa  Ynez.  Oarpenteria,  Montecito, 
Goleta  and  Ellwood  make  up  Santa  Barbara  valley  in  the  south. 


26  CALIFORNIA   STATISTIC 

Besides  this  there  are  the  islands,  150,000  acres  or  about  one  eighth 
of  the  area  of  the  county.  The  lower  Santa  Barbara  valley  pro- 
duces lima  beans,  and  fresh  berries  and  vegetables  all  the  year 
around.  Beans,  potatoes,  wheat  and  barley  are  the  staples  of  the 
central  and  northern  parts  of  the  county.  All  varieties  of  flowers 
and  shrubs  grow  in  the  greatest  profusion.  The  cultivation  of  the 
olive  is  fast  becoming  a  feature  of  Santa  Barbara  industry  and  the 
best  olive  oil  in  the  world  is  made  there.  The  county  produces  a 
large  quantity  of  best  fruit,  both  citrus  and  deciduous.  Stock 
raising  is  amongst  its  industries.  The  coast  has  valuable  fisheries. 
Drying  abalone  meat  and  preparing  the  shells  for  export  are  im- 
portant industries.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  quicksilver,  manganese, 
gypsum,  asphalt  and  bitumen,  are  found  in  this  county.  It  is  a 
large  producer  of  petroleum.  The  shipments  of  oranges,  lemons 
and  walnuts  in  1901  were  large.  Beet  growing  is  a  thriving  in- 
dustry. The  county  has  the  largest  asphaltum  deposits  in  the 
world. 

SANTA   CLARA    COUNTY. 

This  is  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  California.  It  has  an  area 
of  1355  square  miles  devoted  principally  to  fruit  growing.  A  great 
deal  of  wine  was  made  in  the  county  at  one  time  but  the  quantity 
has  fallen  off  of  late  years.  It  was  at  one  time  famous  aa  a  quick- 
silver producer,  the  New  Almaden  being  noted  throughout  the 
world,  but  it  has  taken  second  rank  of  late  years.  The  New  Al- 
maden and  the  Guadalupe  still  help  to  keep  up  the  reputation  of 
the  county.  As  a  fruit  producer  it  has  of  late  years  won  its  w  ell 
earned  fame.  The  prunes  produced  are  sought  all  over  the  United 
States  and  are  shipped  in  larger  or  smaller  quantities  all  over  the  civil- 
ized world.  Besides  this,  it  produces  a  great  quantity  of  other  dried 
fruits  and  ships  heavily  of  green  fruits  to  the  markets  of  the  East. 
Its  capital,  San  Jose,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  America. 
It  and  Santa  Clara  are  renowned  seats  of  learning.  The  county 
boasts  the  Stanford  University,  one  of  the  most  magnificently 
endowed  in  the  world,  the  Santa  Clara  College,  which  has  cele- 
brated its  semi-centennial,  the  State  Normal  School,  the  Academy 
of  Notre  Dame  and  the  University  of   the  Pacific.     The  Lick  Ob- 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  27 

servatory  is  on  Mount  Hamilton,  about  15  miles  east  of  San  Jose. 
It  has  the  largest  refracting  telescope  in  the  world,  The  county's 
eastern  boundary  is  west  of  the  coast  range,  its  western,  the  crest 
of  the  Santa  Cruz  mountains.  The  farmous  valley  lies  between. 
The  county  has  a  considerable  area  devoted  to  wheat,  barley,  ect., 
though  most  of  the  land  so  utilized  in  former  years  has  since  been 
planted  with  fruit  trees.  Water  for  irrigation  when  needed  can 
be  had  at  a  depth  of  60  to  100  feet.  Oil  has  been  struck  in 
county.  There  are  deposits  of  chromite,  bitumen,  rock,  limestone, 
and  coal.  The  sum  of  020,000  has  been  spent  by  the  Government 
in  improving  Alviso  Slough  so  as  to  improve  the  water  transporta 
tion  to  San  Jose.  Besides  a  prune  crop  of  85,000,000  lbs.  in  1901 
there  were  of  other  dried  fruits,  4,300,000  lbs.  and  of  green  fruit 
shipped,  20,000,000  lbs.  The  fruits  canned  were  ten  millions  2i  lb. 
cans.  Then  there  were  5,430,000  gallons  of  brandy.  The  value 
of  the  fruit  crop  was  $4,500,000.  There  were  12,695  acres  of 
wheat,  13,920  acres  of  barley,  31,050  acres  of  hay,  and  12:900 
acres  of  grapes. 

SANTA    CRUZ    COUNTY. 

The  area  of  this  county  is  6425  square  miles.  Santa  Cruz,  the 
county  seat,  is  the  largest  city  on  the  coa&.t  between  San  Francisco 
and  San  Diego.  It  is  celebrated  as  a  summer  resort  and  for  the 
beauty  of  its  surroundings.  A  great  part  of  its  area  is  mountain- 
ous, covered  in  part  with  noble  redwoods  which  are  here  near  their 
southern  limit.  One  magnificent  group  near  the  city  of  Santa 
Cruz  contains  some  of  the  largest  trees  in  the  State  outside  the 
celebrated  big  trees.  The  mountains  of  the  county  form  a  crescent 
around  the  bay  of  Monterey  and  between  these  mountains  and  the 
ocean  are  high,  wide,  grassy  plateaus  forming  an  ideal  country  for 
stock  raising  and  dairying.  The  wide  valley  of  the  Pajaro  forms  a 
splendid  farming  country  where  cereals  of  all  kinds,  fruits  and 
beets  flourish.  This  is  a  great  berry  county  and  near  Santa  Cruz 
strawberrries  have  yielded  as  high  as  $400  an  acre.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  forests  of  the  county  contain  a  billion  feet  of  red- 
wood. The  fishing  industry  is  one  of  the  notable  ones  of  this 
county.     The  beet  sugarie  at  Watsonville  was  long  the  leading  one 


28  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

of  the  State.  One  of  the  products  of  the  county  is  bitumen  of 
which  large  shipments  have  been  made.  The  leading  manufactur- 
ing industry  is  the  manufacture  of  powder  near  the  city  of  Santa 
Cruz.  Here  the  California  Powder  Works  for  39  years  have 
manufactured  black  and  sporting  powder  and  during  the  Spanish 
war  and  for  many  years  past  cannon  and  smokeless  —  the 
latter  the  best  in  the  United  States.  For  several  years  the  United 
States  has  purchased  one-half  of  its  powder  supply  here.  Tanning 
of  leather  and  the  production  of  lime  have  all  been  important  in- 
dustries. There  are  large  beds  of  cement  in  the  county  which  will 
doubtless  be  developed  at  some  future  day.  Gold  has  been  found 
in  several  places  and  the  sea  sands  have  been  found  to  be  more 
or  less  auriferous.  The  county  produces  some  very  fine  wines.  It 
has  other  important  industries.  It  has  279,540  fruit  trees  in  full 
bearing.  During  the  past  year  they  have  shipped  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Watsonville  2,000  cars  of  apples. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

Shasta,  with  its  4,050  square  miles,  is  rich  in  minerals,  especially 
copper  and  iron.  Most  of  the  county  consists  of  mountains  and 
table  lands  but  the  valleys  and  table  lands  have  very  rich  soil  well 
suited  to  fruit  and  cereals.  There  is  an  immense  body  of  valuable 
timber  on  the  mountains.  Nearly  all  the  copper  produced  in  the 
State  comes  from  Shasta,  as  does  most  of  the  silver  and  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  gold.  It  has  numerous  undeveloped  deposits  of 
iron  ore.  Fruit  lands  run  from  $20  to  $100  per  acre,  according  to 
location,  etc.  The  mineral  output  reached  in  value  $8,500,000  for 
1901.  Many  new  copper  locations  have  been  or  are  being  de- 
veloped by  Boston  people.  An  immense  power  plant  has  been 
built  at  Mill  Seat  Creek,  20  miles  southeast  of  Redding. 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

This  county  with  its  1902  square  miles  is  in  many  respects  one 
of  the  most  interesting  in  the  State.  It  has  long  been  famous  as  a 
gold  producer  and  gold  mining  is  still  its  principal  industry.  The 
mountain  regions  embrace  581  square  miles  and  are  covered  with 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  sugar  and  white  pine  and  other  lumber 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  29 

It  has  a  great  deal  of  fine  fertile  land  and  Sierra  Valley  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  productive  in  the  whole  State.  Cereals  for 
home  consumption  are  grown  and  fine  fruit,  including  fine  apples, 
is  raised.  Unimproved  valley  lands  sell  at  $5  per  acre.  Grain  and 
hay  land  sells  for  $30  per  acre.  Amongst  the  other  minerals  of  the 
county  is  plumbago  which  is  being  worked  at  good  profit. 

SISKIYOU    COUNTY. 

This  county,  one  of  the  bulwarks  of  the  State  to  the  north,  is  one 
of  the  largest  in  California,  having  an  area  of  6078  square  miles, 
largely  mountain  and  forest,  only  576,000  acres  or  one-seventh 
being  capable  of  cultivation.  The  sugar  and  white  pine  and  other 
woods  are  the  crown  and  glory  of  the  mountains  and  form  a  source 
of  great  wealth  in  themselves — over  100,000,000  feet  being  cut 
annually.  The  mighty  dome  of  Shasta,  a  monarch  among  moun- 
tains, towers  grandly  over  the  plain  at  its  base  and  over  the  sur- 
rounding summits  14,511  feet  above  the  sea  level.  It  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  its  top  is  crowned  with  per- 
petual snow.  The  yield  of  grain  is  larger  in  this  county  than 
anywhere  else  in  the  State  except  the  reclaimed  tule  lands  and  the 
islands  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin.  Apples  of  excel- 
lent quality  form  the  principal  fruit  product.  There  is  a  considerable 
stock  raising  industry.  The  county  is  a  large  gold  producer. 
Quicksilver  is  also  a  leading  product,  but  was  not  during  1901. 
Iron,  coal,  copper,  marble,  onyx  and  building  stone  are  also  amongst 
its  products. 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

Solano  has  an  area  of  828  square  miles  and  is  one  of  our  bay 
counties.  The  valley  and  foothill  lands  of  the  county  are  very 
fertile  and  it  is  principally  devoted  to  grain  growing  and  fruit  rais- 
ing. Vallojo  is  the  chief  city  and  is  the  seat  of  many  important 
industries.  So  is  Benicia,  which  has  one  of  the  largest  agricultural 
implement  works  in  the  West.  The  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard, 
where  the  largest  ships  of  war  can  be  repaired,  and  the  U.  S. 
Arsenal  are  notable  features  of  the  county.  Dairying  and  stock 
raising  are  important  industries.      Onyx  and    marble    are  found   in 


30  CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS. 

this  county  and  there  are  oil  indications.  The  manufacture  of 
building  stone  and  the  reopening  of  the  St.  John  Quicksilver  mine 
will  add  largely  to  the  prosperity  of  the  county. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

This  beautiful  and  fertile  county  has  an  area  of  1540  square 
miles.  There  is  no  part  of  it  that  cannot  be  utilized.  Its  100,000 
acres  of  mountain  land  can  be  used  for  pasturage  and  it  has  80,000 
acres  of  splendid  redwood  timber.  It  has  over  22,000  in  vines  and 
an  immense  fruit  interest.  Its  fruit  output  is  partly  shipped  in  a 
green  state,  partly  canned  and  dried  at  local  canneries  and  dryers. 
Its  average  hop  crop  is  2,000,000  lbs.  It  produces  cereals  and 
vegetables  largely.  It  has  large  and  profitable  dairy  interests.  It 
has  many  flourishing  industries.  Amongst  its  woods  are  laurel  and 
madrone.  It  also  produces  tan  bark.  Quicksilver  is  the  principal 
mineral  product.  Gypsum,  ochre,  potter's  clay  and  basalt  are  also 
produced.  The  mountains  abound  in  mineral  springs,  the  most 
famous  of  which  are  the  Geysers.  The  yield  of  wine  in  1901  was 
6,000,000  gals,  and  of  brandy  100,000  gallons,  while  15,000  bales 
of  hops  were  produced. 

STANISLAUS    COUNTY. 

The  area  of  this  fertile  county  is  1480  square  miles.  It  takes  up 
what  may  be  called  the  heart  of  the  Northern  San  Joaquin  Valley, 
from  the  foot  hills  of  the  Sierras  to  the  mountains  of  the  coast 
range.  It  consists  principally  of  a  vast  plain  of  wonderful  fertility. 
It  is  a  great  grain  county,  sometimes  producing  as  much  as 
5,000,00  or  even  6,500,000  bushels  of  wheat  in  a  year.  Consider- 
able fruit  is  raised  and  a  good  deal  of  attention  is  given  to  the  rais- 
ing of  stock,  especially  of  fine  horses.  Farming  lands  sell  at  $25  to 
$50  an  acre,  and  good  fruit  lands  at  $75  to  $100  per  acre. 

SUTTER  COUNTY. 

Sutter  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  counties  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley.  It  has  an  area  of  611  square  miles.  It  is  nearly  all  a 
great  fertile    plain  with    the  exception    of  the    Marysville  Buttes 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  31 

which  furnish  excellent  grazing.  V/heat  farming  and  fruit  raising 
are  the  principal  industries,  but  there  is  a  great  deal  of  live  stock 
raised.  Fruit  lands  not  improved  are  worth  $50  to  $150  an  acre, 
improved,  $200  to  $400  an  acre — grain  land  $40  to  $75  per  acre. 

TEHAMA    COUNTY. 

Out  of  3200  square  miles,  Tehama  has  about  2000  square  miles 
of  mountains  and  795  square  miles  of  foot  hills.  But,  although  the 
extent  of  land  that  is  ordinarily  devoted  to  farming  is  limited,  it  is 
very  productive,  bearing  large  crops  of  grain  and  other  cereals.  In 
an  average  year  it  produces  1,500,000  bushels  of  wheat.  It  has 
immense  crops  of  alfalfa.  Its  peanut  crop  is  over  1,000,000  lbs.  a 
year.  It  has,  at  Vina,  the  largest  vineyard  in  the  world — one  of 
5000  acres.  In  the  mountains  is  a  great  belt  of  sugar  pine 
which  has  produced  20,000,000  feet  annually.  This  is  a  favorite 
stock  section  and  large  amounts  of  wool  are  shipped  annually. 
Large  quantities  of  fruit  are  produced  and  sent  out  of  the  county 
to  Eastern  markets. 

TRINITY    COUNTY. 

Trinity  county  has  an  area  of  3276  square  miles,  most  of  which  is 
mountainous.  It  has,  however,  some  fertile  valleys.  It  produces 
cereals  and  fruit,  mostly  for  home  consumption.  It  has  an  immense 
belt  of  sugar  pine  in  the  mountains.  Its  principal  industry  has 
been  mining  and  it  used  to  produce  gold  valued  at  four  to  five  mil- 
lion dollars  a  year. 

TULARE   COUNTY. 

This  county  has  an  area  of  4935  square  miles  and  in  it  are 
located  the  Big  Trees.  Most  of  its  area  consists  of  mountainous 
country — one-third  of  which  can  be  cultivated.  Mount  Whitney, 
15,046  feet,  the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States,  is  in  this 
county.  The  soil  is  rich  and  with  sufficient  rain  or  irrigation,  pro- 
duces wheat  and  fruit  in  abundance.  There  is  a  great  irrigation 
system.  The  cost  of  irrigation  is  about  $1  per  acre  for  the  first 
and  $.50  per  acre  thereafter.  The  yield  of  alfalfa  is  enormous. 
Good  fruit  trees  yield  $100  per  acre  profit.     The  raisin  industry  is 


32  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

flourishing,  as  is  also  the  wine  industry.  Stock  raising  is  an  im- 
portant industry.  There  are  vast  forests  of  sugar  and  white  pine. 
Gold,  slate,  marble,  coal,  plumbago,  silver,  iron,  copper,  lead  and 
antimony  are  amongst  its  minerals.  There  are  oil  indications  also. 
The  price  of  land  varies  from  $50  to  $150  an  acre  and  in  remote 
sections  at  825  to  $150  per  acre.  Pasture  lands  sell  at  $5  to  $20 
per  acre. 

TUOLUMNE    COUNTY. 

This,  one  of  the  famous  golden  counties,  Old  Tuolumne,  has  an 
area  of  2232  square  miles.  It  is  nearly  all  mountains  and  foot- 
hills. It  has  many  fertile  valleys  and  the  beautiful  Hetchy-Hetchy 
Valley  rivals  the  Yosemite.  A  belt  of  the  most  magnificent  sugar 
pine,  cutting  500,000  feet  to  the  acre,  runs  through  the  county. 
While  some  cereals  and  fruits  are  raised,  gold  mining  is  the  princi- 
pal pursuit.     There  is  some  stock  raising  in  the  county. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Ventura  county  has  an  area  of  1850  square  miles.  It  has 
hitherto  been  noted  principally  for  the  richness  of  its  oil  deposits 
and  its  wells  have  been  productive  almost  ever  since  petroleum  was 
discovered  in  California  and  have  made  some  of  our  State's  million- 
aires. A  great  part  of  its  surface  is  covered  with  mountains  which, 
in  the  north,  rise  to  heights  over  6000  feet.  About  one-half  the 
area  of  the  county  is  composed  of  arable  land  which  is  very  fertile. 
Wheat,  barley  and  beans  are  the  chief  agricultural  products.  The 
Lima  bean  is  one  of  the  county's  staples.  There  are  a  large  num- 
ber of  industrial  establishments  in  the  county,  prominent  amongst 
which  are  flouring  mills  and  oil  refineries.  The  oil  is  piped  to  tide 
water.  The  valley  possesses  a  rich  inexhaustible  loam  of  from  10 
to  150  feet  deep.  Every  fruit  tree  that  grows  in  the  State  flourishes 
here — the  grape,  the  olive,  the  fig,  the  walnut,  the  orange,  the 
emoB  and  every  description  of  deciduous  fruit.  This  is  a  great 
county  for  honey  which  is  collected  every  month  in  the  year.  The 
annual  product  is  about  3,000,000  lbs.  Gold,  asphaltum,  bitumen 
rock,  limestone  and  brimstone  are  amongst  the  mineral  products  of 
the  county.     Amongst  the  products  of  the  past  year  were  40,000,- 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  33 

000  lb.  beans,   230,000  ctls.  of  wheat  and  230,000  ctls.  of  barley, 
The  yield  of  beets  was  160,968  tons. 

YOLO   COUNTY. 

This,  one  of  the  rich  counties  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  has  an 
area  of  1617  square  miles.  With  the  exception  of  the  foothills  of 
the  Coast  Range  the  county  may  be  said  to  be  level.  It  has 
40,000  acres  of  tule  lands.  The  soil  is  of  the  highest  fertility,  some 
of  it  being  compared  to  that  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile.  Wheat  is 
the  principal  product  but  fruits  and  vegetables  are  important 
staples.  There  is  a  large  amount  of  stock  kept  in  the  reclaimed 
tule  lands.     The  dairy  industry  is  flourishing. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Tuba,  one  of  the  old  mining  counties,  has  an  area  of  625  square 
miles.  Of  its  area,  200,000  acres  are  mountain  land,  the  rest,  fer- 
tile valley  land.  Large  crops  of  hops,  alfalfa  and  vegetables  are 
grown,  while  a  great  deal  of  fruit  is  raised.  The  northeast  of  the 
county  contains  valuable  timber.  Stock  raising  pays.  Amongst 
the  industries  are  fruit  canning,  flour  mills  and  the  manufacture  of 
woolen  goods  at  Marysville. 

MINERALS 

Although  it  was  known  that  California  was  rich  in  minerals  of 
various  kinds,  it  was  not  till  the  last  decade  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury that  much  attention  had  been  given  to  the  production  of  any- 
thing but  gold  and  quicksilver.  It  is  true  that  our  oil,  copper  and 
lead  resources  had  attracted  more  or  less  attention  at  different 
times,  but  the  interest  in  them  was  only  fleeting  and  soon  ceased 
almost  altogether,  at  least  in  the  minds  of  the  majority.  Goal  and 
salt  received  but  little  attention,  and  as  for  the  rest  they  attracted 
attention  mainly  in  the  laboratory  or  the  cabinet  of  the  mineralogist. 
But  a  change  has  come  over  the  mind  of  the  capitalist  and  the  pros- 
pector, and  now  the  precious  metal  and  quicksilver  occupy  much 
less  of  the  attention  of  those  engaged  in  the  development  of  our 
mineral  resources.     Gold  has  taken  a  secondary  position  and  quick- 


34  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

silver  is  away  down  near  the  fort  of  the  industrial  ladder.  But  our 
mineral  products  have  increased  wonderfully  during  the  past  ten 
years.     The  following  gives  the  output  for  the  years  appended: 

1891 $18,300,168 

1892 18,300,168 

1893 18,811,261 

1894 20,203,294 

1895 22,844,664 

1896 24,291,398 

1897 25,142,441 

189S 27,289,079 

1899   29,313,400 

1900 32,622,945 

1901..  ... 37,822,945 

Shasta  with  its  large  copper  yield  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list 
Los  Angeles  with  its  petroleum  products  second,  followed  closely  by 
Kern  with  Nevada,  San  Bernardino  and  Tuolumne  closely  follow- 
ing. Owing  to  her  large  yield  of  petroleum  Yentura  has  travelled 
rapidly  to  the  front  and  now  her  annual  product  of  minerals  is 
valued  at  over  a  million  dollars.  Gold  takes  the  lead  in  value,  but 
is  to-day  less  than  on^-half  of  the  whole.  Its  future  prospects  are 
brighter.  Petroleum  comes  next  to  gold  and  copper  follows  closely. 
Quicksilver  has  remained  stationary  or  nearly  so  for  the  past  three 
years,  while  borax  the  next  in  value  is  in  much  the  same  position. 
Coal  is  low  down  in  the  scale  and  instead  of  increasing  in  production 
has  fallen  off.  The  production  of  limestone  and  lime  has  fallen  off 
chiefly  because  Washington  has  been  a  large  shipper  to  this  market 
for  several  years  Lead  and  lead  ores  which  used  to  occupy  quite  a 
prominent  place  has  also  dropped  out  altogether  and  most  of  the 
shipments  from  the  port  to-day  is  the  product  of  foreign  countries 
refined  here.  California  never  was  a  silver  producing  country  and 
the  average  yield  of  late  years  has  not  exceeded  $500,000  a  year. 
California  has  large  deposits  of  sulphur,  but  they  have  not  been 
utilized  of  late  years,  owing  to  the  cheapness  of  the  imported  article. 
It  formerly  produced  pig  tin,  but  its  paying  deposit  was  worked  out. 
At  one  time  Clipper  Gap  iron  was  quite  a  feature  in  our  pig  iron 
supply,  but  the  cost  of  production  and  the  competition  of  the  East- 
ern Alabama  and  the  foreign  product  has  long  since  driven  it  from 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  35 

the  market.  In  1893,  however,  250  tons  of  iron  ore  and  in  1894, 
200  tons  was  produced,  but  since  that  time  it  has  been  absent  as  a 
factor  in  the  industrial  field.  But  the  State  has  immense  deposits 
of  iron  ore  in  Shasta  and  at  the  Minarets  in  the  mountains  near  the 
headwaters  of  the  San  Joaquin  River  especially,  and  experts  claim 
this  to  contain  the  largest  percentage  of  magnetic  iron  found  up  to 
the  present  time  in  any  of  the  iron  deposits  of  the  world.  There 
are  several  articles  that  come  under  this  head,  which  have  been  pro- 
duced in  larger  or  smaller  quantity  during  the  past  ten  years  that 
are  no  longer  handled.  Such  are  in  addition  to  those  just  noted, 
chrome,  infusorial  earth,  onyx  and  travertine  and  soapstone.  The 
highest  production  of  chrome  was  3,680  tons  in  1894,  infusorial 
earth  51  tons  in  the  same  year,  onyx  and  travertine  $27,000  worth 
in  1893  and  soapstone  400  tons  in  the  same  year. 

Nitre  too  is  attracting  commercial  attention.  Taken  as  a  whole, 
the  value  of  our  mineral  products  has  just  about  doubled  in  ten 
years,  but  the  future  development  will  be  much  more  rapid.  This 
applies  especially  to  petroleum,  copper  and  gold,  while  the  attention 
now  being  paid  to  California  iron  ores  will  doubtless  result  in  a 
wonderful  development.  Instead,  therefore  of  having  to  record  an 
increase  of  one  hundred  per  cent  in  the  next  ten  years  we  will 
probably  be  called  upon  to  note  a  production  in  the  line  of  minerals 
of  at  least  three  fold  that  of  the  past  year  and  that  we  will  be 
able  to  place  it  at  the  round  figure  of  a  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 

GOLD 

After  the  discovery  of  the  new  world,  by  Columbus,  the  search 
for  the  precious  metals  contributed  more  to  its  exploration  and 
settlement  perhaps  than  all  other  causes  combined.  Gold  was  first 
discovered  in  Cuba,  then  Mexico  tempted  the  adventurers  who  soon 
afterwards  found  their  way  to  Peru  and  looted  the  treasure  of  the 
Incas.  The  attention  of  the  gold  hunters  was  next  turned  north 
and  after  a  time  the  shores  of  California  which  was  supposed  to  be 
an  island  and  to  be  fabulously  rich  in  this  metal  were  sought.  More 
than  one  expedition  came  to  naught  and  it  was  not  till  after  the 
founding  of  the  Missions  and  the  establishment  of  small  Spanish 
pueblos  that  any  success  waited  on  the  exertions  of  the  adventurous. 


36  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

The  first  discovery  so  far  as  known  was  made  near  Los  Angeles  in 
1842.  But  this  did  not  prove  very  remunerative  and  the  search 
was  practically  abandoned  till  Marshall's  lucky  discovery  at  Sutter's 
Mill,  Jan.  19th  1848.  Many  suppose  that  the  existence  of  rich  de- 
posits was  known  to  the  padres  and  that  they  purposely  kept  their 
knowledge  back  for  fear  it  would  result  in  the  destruction  of  their 
Mission  and  the  scattering  of  their  Indian  converts.  But  this  is  not 
certain. 

Marshall's  discovery  resulted  in  the  almost  total  abandonment  of 
every  business  except  that  of  gold  mining  and  merchandising  and  a 
vast  crowd  of  gold  seekers  sought  the  shores  of  California  from 
every  civilized  land.  They  literally  swarmed  into  the  country  by 
sea  and  by  land  for  the  next  three  year3  and  the  yield  of  gold  in- 
creased in  such  a  way  as  to  astonish  the  world.  There  are  and  can 
be  no  correct  figures  of  the  yield  of  gold  for  those  early  days,  nor 
indeed  until  the  Mining  Bureau  commenced  its  labors.  But  the  in- 
vestigation of  many  statisticians,  including  those  of  Ohas.  G.  Yale, 
have  resulted  in  the  compilation  of  figures  covering  each  year  since 
and  including  1848.  These,  however,  cannot  be  considered  exhaus- 
tive and  we  have  no  doubt  that  10  to  12  per  cent,  can  be  added  to 
the  total  yield  without  any  exaggeration  being  made.  For  the  first 
five  years  they  may  be  given  as  follows: 

1848 $     245,301 

1849  10,151,360 

1850 41/273,106 

1851 75,938,232 

1852 81,294,700 

This  was  the  culminating  period  of  gold  production  in  this  State. 
By  1852,  the  prospectors  had  swarmed  over  every  part  of  the  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  from  the  borders  of  Oregon  to 
Tehachipi  and  had  even  spread  beyond  the  borders  of  the  State  into 
Oregon  and  Nevada.  While  there  was  considerable  fluctuation  in 
the  yield  from  this  time  on,  it  gradually  decreased  till  1873,  when 
it  was  only  $15,019,210.  Then  began  a  recovery.  Old  methods 
and  crude  gave  way  to  others  more  scientific  and  hydraulicing  began 
to  build  up  the  yield  again  so  that  ten  years  afterwards,  in  1883, 
the  annual  yield  had  reached  #24,316,873.     The  agitation  against 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  37 

hydraulic  ruining;  and  its  eventual  outlawry  at  last  practically  cut 
off  the  source  of  supply  and  the  yield  again  declined  till  in  1889  it 
reached  the  lowest  point  in  fifty  years — the  return  of  that  year  be- 
ing only  $11,212,913.  Hence  it  began  to  pick  up  again,  and  next 
year,  1890,  it  was  $12,309,793.  In  1896  it  was  $17,181,562,  the 
largest  of  last  years— in  1898,  it  was  $15,906,478  and  in  1900, 
$15,863,355.  Last  year,  1901,  it  was  approximately  $15,730,700. 
Hydraulicing  will  be  resumed  again  under  reasonable  restrictions 
and  the  yield  of  gold  will  again  approximate  somewhat  the  figures 
of  1883.  Quartz  and  drift  mining  and  hydraulicing  will  again  give 
us  from  $20,000,000  to  $30,000,000  a  year  or  even  more  while  the 
prospector  will  here  and  there,  in  the  hills  and  valleys,  add  to  the 
treasure  by  his  contribution,  made  after  the  fashions  of  the  good  old 
times. 

Gold  is  still  as  it  was  in  the  olden  days,  for  the  most  part  a  prod- 
uct of  the  interior  valley  counties  and  of  the  total  yield  of  1900, 
Nevada  led  with  $1,812,036,  followed  by  Calaveras  with  $1,649,126, 
Tuolumne  with  $1,596,891,  Amador  with  $1,373,788  and  Placer 
with  $986,155.  Siskiyou  with  $951,397  did  not  fall  far  short  of  a 
million.  Kern,  famous  too  for  oil,  yielded  $805,252,  Shasta  $733,- 
467,  Moro  $670,200,  Sierra  $659,696,  Trinity  $571,605  and  Butte 
$485,589,  El  Dorado  yielded  $368,451,  Plumas  $365,210,  San  Diego, 
$335,937,  San  Bernardino  $247,949,  Inyo  $213,655,  Yuba  $208,- 
366,  Sacramento  $176,007,  Mariposa  $157,663,  Pdverside  $149,292, 
Humboldt  $109,444,  Madera  $104,134.  Of  counties  that  yielded 
less  than  $100,000,  there  were:  Fresno  $22,346,  Stanislaus  $21,212, 
Sisson  $19,801,  Tulare  $10,445,  Los  Angeles  $5,508,  Del  Norte 
$3,483,  Ventura  $2,562  and  Orange  $2,407.  Gold  to  the  value  of 
$972,185  was  not  distributed  according  to  the  location  of  its  origin 

The  yield  of  some  of  the  leading  gold  mining  counties  since  1848, 
may  be  briefly  given  as  follows:  Nevada  $215,000,000,  of  which 
upwards  of  $100,000,000  came  from  Grass  Valley,  Sierra  $190,000,- 
000,  Butte  $200,000,000,  Tuolumne  over  $200,000,000,  El  Dorado 
$100,000,000,  Amador  $50,000,000  and  Calaveras  $50,000,000.  Of 
the  total  yield  of  the  State  a  billion  dollars  was  the  product  of  aurif- 
erous gravels  and  the  balance  of  quartz  mines.     The  yield  of  same 

•>532 


38  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

particular  mines  has  been  erroneous.  The  group  of  mines  known  as 
those  of  the  Forest  Hill  Divide  in  Placer  have  given  to  the 
world  $38,176,250  in  gold.  The  Idaho,  Nevada  county,  where  drift 
mining  began,  produced  $12,000,000;  Spring  Valley,  Cherokee  Flat?, 
Butte  County  $13,000,000,  and  half  a  score  of  others  all  the  way 
from  $500,000  to  §2,000,000  each  and  over. 

The  gold  mining  industry  of  California  may  be  divided  into 
placer,  drift  and  quartz  mining.  At  present  the  drift  mines  pro- 
duce about  $2,000,000  a  year,  the  quartz  mines  $13,000,000,  the 
rest  being  taken  from  the  still  worked  placers.  The  drift  mines 
which  work  the  channels  of  ancient  river  beds,  operate  in  what 
might  be  termed  the  placer  fields  of  geologic  time.  These  ancient 
contain  it  is  estimated,  billions  of  dollars  worth  of  gold.  But  quartz 
mining  is  now  and  wiil  be  the  principal  factor  in  California  gold 
mining.  It  is  now  carried  on  principally  on  the  line  of  what  is 
called  the  Mother  Lode.  This  is  the  name  given  to  a  series  of  par- 
allel veins  that  extend  from  Tuolumne  to  Butte,  distance  of  125 
miles.  It  runs  through  Tuolumne,  Calaveras,  Amador  and  El 
Dorado  counties.  It  has  yielded  about  $100,000,000  in  gold  and 
has  deposits  worth  untold  billions.  It  is  about  ten  miles  east  of  the 
lower  foothills.  About  10  miles  further  east  is  what  is  known  as 
the  east  lode  and  along  the  crest  of  the  Sierras  is  another  belt  about 
two  hundred  miles  long  and  several  miles  wide.  There  are  four 
mining  belts  altogether.  The  quartz  mines  have  been  worked  to  a 
depth  of  2,500  feet  altogether.  The  quartz  mines  have  been  worked 
to  a  depth  of  6,000  feet.  The  cost  of  working  has  been  brought 
to  about  $5  per  ton,  though  ore  yielding  $2.50  per  ton  has  paid, 

From  what  we  have  here  set  forth,  it  may  be  seen  that  Califor- 
nia's annual  yield  of  gold  depends  mainly  on  the  amount  of  capital 
invested  in  it  and  that  there  is  practically  no  limit  to  the  production. 
There  is,  however,  another  factor,  which  should  be  mentioned  and 
that  is  a  regular  supply  of  water.  At  present  that  is  irregular  and 
the  annual  output  is  dependent  mainly  on  the  rainfall.  Here,  the 
necessity  of  impounding  the  flood  watt  rs  that  are  allowed  to  run 
wastefully  to  the  sea,  is  at  once  obvious  and  the  future  of  California 
gold  mining  is  too  dependent  largely  on  the  successful  efforts  that 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS         .  39 

will  be  made  in  that  direction.  "With  what  is  here  needed,  accom- 
plished, not  only  would  gold  mining  once  more  come  to  the  front  as 
a  leading  industry  of  our  State,  but  we  would  once  more  lead  the 
world  in  the  production  of  this,  the  most  precious  of  the  metals. 
The  yield  of  gold  in  1901  was  smaller  in  the  counties  of  Amador, 
Tuolumne  and  Calaveras  and  in  the  others  with  the  exception  of 
Shasta  about  the  same  as  in  1900.  Shasta  shows  an  increase  of 
about  $100,000  in  gold  over  1900,  making  its  total  for  1901,  $833,- 
467. 

SILVER 

California  is  not  a  silver  land,  although  silver  is  amongst  one  of 
its  minor  productions.  Some  mines  have  been  worked  for  the  silver 
they  contained,  when  that  metal  retained  its  coinage  parity  with 
gold,  but  now  the  silver  produced  is  obtained  from  gold  and  copper 
ores,  where  in  some  cases  it  forms  a  considerable  percentage  of  the 
values.  In  Shasta,  for  instance,  where  the  value  of  gold,  silver  and 
copper  in  1900  was  $5,535,842,  silver  was  produced  of  the  coinage 
value  of  $635,640  or  11|  per  cent  of  the  whole.  Shasta  is  the 
banner  silver  producing  county  of  the  State.  The  total  yield  of  the 
State  in  1900  was  $1,510,344.  This  was  the  largest  since  1888,  when 
the  output  was  roughly  estimated  at  $1,700,000.  The  yield  since 
1887  has  been  as  follows: 

1887 $1,632,003 

1S88 1,700,000 

18S9 754,793 

1890 1,000,613 

1891 953,157 

1892 463.E02 

1893 537,157 

1894 297,332 

1895 599,789 

1896 472,464 

1897 452,769 

1898 414,055 

1899 504,012 

1900 1,510,344 

1901 1,453,832 

The  first  discovery  of  the  white  metal  in  the  State  was  made  in  the 
sixties  and  but  little  attention  was  paid  it,  although  attempts  were 


40  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

made  at  several  places  to  work  ores  for  the  silver  contained  therein. 
Argentiferous  Galena  ores  of  silver  and  lead  were  worked  when  the 
price  of  silver  justified  it.  They  exist  principally  in  Inyo,  San 
Bernardino,  Orange  and  Siskiyou  Counties.  As  already  noted, 
Shasta  is  the  principal  silver  producer.  In  1900,  San  Bernardino 
produced  $172,759  in  coinage  value  of  the  white  metal,  Kern  $147,- 
736,  Inyo  $113,493,  Calaveras  $80,762,  Mono  $75,921,  Nevada 
$66,841  and  Tuolumne  $62,367.  The  yield  of  El  Dorado  was  $25,- 
129,  of  San  Diego  $19,810,  of  Trinity  $16,567,  of  Amador  $14,915, 
of  Siskiyou  $13,986,  of  Napa  $13,853,  of  Butte  $13,082  and  of 
Placer  $12,058.  The  yield  from  othar  counties  was  very  small  — 
Riverside  $6,848,  Yuba  $4,265,  Plumas  $4,159,  Madera  $3,883, 
Kern  $3,463,  Sacramento  $986,  Lassen  $676,  Fresno  $479,  Tulare 
$433,  Humboldt  $283.  The  production  of  silver  will  increase  with 
that  of  copper,  lead  and  gold  as  the  ores  containing  these  contain 
much  silver,  also  more  especially  copper  ores.  The  decrease  in  silver 
for  1901  must  be  distributed  pretty  generally  over  all  the  produc- 
ing counties  except  Shasta,  which  shows  an  increase  of  $200,000, 
making  its  total  $835,640. 

COPPER 

The  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States  has  probably  the  most 
extensive  and  valuable  copper  deposits  in  the  world.  They  have 
been  traced  at  or  near  the  coast  and  at  a  distance  of  about  250  miles 
from  it  all  the  way  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  borders  of  Mexico, 
indeed  extending  as  far  south  as  Cape  Horn.  Here  the  ore  in  many 
cases  assays  sufficient  gold  and  silver  to  pay  the  expense  of  working, 
so  that  no  matter  what  the  price  of  copper  may  be  the  industry  pays 
a  profit  to  those  engaged  in  it.  This  will  eventually  cause  the  State 
to  be  the  leading  one  in  the  copper  industry  in  this  country.  Copper 
mining  is  not  a  new  industry  in  California,  dating  away  back  to 
the  50's.  The  name  of  Copperopolis  as  the  trade  center  of  the  district 
indicates  sufficiently  what  its  importance  was  then.  But  the  reduction 
of  the  price  from  17c  to  10c  and  even  less  was  fatal  and  California 
as  a  producer  of  this  metal  had  about  faded  out  of  sight.  The  advance 
to  20c  again  gave  new  life  to  the  industry  in  this  State  and  started 
prospectors  to  work  everywhere  with  the  result  that  it  is  now  as  a 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  41 

metallic  product  second  in  California  only  to  gold.  There  have 
been  many  fluctuations  in  the  figures  of  the  quantity  produced.  The 
following  give  almost  exact  date  since  1887: 

lbs. 

18S7 1,600,000 

18S8 1,570,021 

1889 151,505 

1890 23,347 

1891 3,397,455 

1892 2,960,944 

1893 239,682 

1894 738,594 

1895 225,650 

1896 1,992,844 

1897 1,363,636 

1898 2,154,229 

1899 23,915,486 

1900 29,515,512 

1901 42,015,125 

The  production  almost  ceased  altogether  in  1890,  and  though  there 
were  a  few  years  when  it  went  above  a  million  pounds  it  was  not  till 
1899  that  it  assumed  any  importance.  The  neighborhood  of  Copper- 
opolis  and  Oampo  Seco  in  Calaveras  County,  and  of  Spencerville  in 
Nevada  County  were  the  olden  seats  of  the  copper  mining  industry. 
In  1867  and  1868  there  was  mined  at  these  places,  60,000  tons  of 
ore,  while  there  were  small  shipments  from  Del  Norte.  Outside  of 
the  copper  prospects  discovered  in  the  coast  counties,  which  are 
scattered  at  intervals  over  750  miles,  there  ai'e  two  principal  belts, 
one  25  miles  long  in  Shasta,  the  other  140  miles  in  length  in  the 
lower  foothills  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Good 
prospects  have  also  been  found  in  Plumas,  Sierra,  Trinity  and  San 
Bernardino  Counties,  some  of  which  are  being  worked.  The  ore 
belts  yield  sulphuride  ores  carrying  not  only  copper,  but  gold,  silver 
and  iron.  The  property  at  Iron  Mountains  offered  at  a  low  price  in 
1896  without  purchasers  was  bought  by  an  English  corporation, 
the  Mountain  Copper  Company  Limited,  which  has  invested  mil- 
lions in  the  enterprise  and  has  12  furnaces  in  operation.  This  com- 
pany produces  nearly  all  the  copper  credited  to  Shasta — 22,886,000 
lbs.  in  1900;  on  this  the  net  profits  were  $1,659,455,  out  of  which  a 


42  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

dividend  of  16  per  cent  was  declared  and  $500,000  added  to  the 
reserve  fund.  The  percentage  of  copper  was  5.77.  The  company 
have  expended  several  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  preparing  to  re- 
duce the  copper  matter  that  used  to  be  shipped  outside  of  the  State 
for  this  purpose.  Besides  the  property  of  this  company  in  Shasta, 
there  is  that  of  Oapt,  De  La  Mar,  who  has  expended  vast  sums  here 
and  the  claims  known  as  the  Stowell,  the  Balakala  and  the  Mam- 
moth. 

Out  of  the  product  of  1900,  Shasta  led  with  25,736,473  lbs.,  six- 
sevenths  of  tbe  whole  San  Bernardino  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
State  produced  1,920,000  lbs.,  Kern  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
4,000  lbs.  and  Madera  500,000  lbs.;  all  the  rest  was  produced  in 
the  northern  mountain  counties,  neighbors  of  Shasta — Calaveras 
980,934  lbs.,  Amador  220,000  lbs.,  Nevada  150,980  lbs.  and  El 
Dorado  3,125  lbs.  The  total  value  of  the  output  was  $5,774,000. 
The  eminence  of  Shasta  in  the  matter  of  production  depends  much 
on  private  enterprise  and  when  the  same  enterprise  shall  have  been 
displayed  elsewhere,  results  will  be  similar.  Still  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  Shasta  will  retain  her  lead.  There  were  201,571  tons 
of  ore  produced  at  Keswick  in  1900.  Shasta's  development  has 
been  the  work  of  three  short  years.     The  increase  of  production  in 

1900  was  roughly  speaking  25  per  cent,  and  this  continued,  for  an- 
other decade  would  make  the  output  in  1901,  278,400,000  lbs. 
nearly,  or  a  product  worth  about  $45,000,000  yearly  or  far  exceed. 
in»  in  value  the  whole  mineral  output  of  the  State  to-day.  There 
has  been  a  great  increase  in  Shasta  County's  production  in  1901. 
That  increase  has  been  in  round  numbers  12,500,000  lbs.,  making 
a  total  of  38,236,473,  worth  $4,588,376.  The  total  yield  of  copper 
for  the  year  was  42,015,512  lbs.  The  yield  of  the  other  counties 
was  about  the  same  as  in   1900.     Fresno  commenced  production  in 

1901  and  on  May  1st  the  first  bar  of  Bessemerized  copper  ore  made 
on  the  Coast  was  produced  at  the  Copper  King  Smelting  Works, 
which  now  works  100  tons  of  copper  ore  per  day.  During  the 
past  fifteen  years  several  important  copper  veins  were  discovered 
in  what  is  now  known  as  Madera  County,  which  in  all  probabilities 
will  be  worked  in  conjunction  with  the  iron  ores  of  that  county. 
These  veins  run  side  by  side.     The  ores  generally  average  about  12 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  43 

per  cent   copper,  but   there  is   one   vein  in  the  group   100   feet    in 
width,  which  bids  fair  to  yield  30  per  cent  or  over. 

QUICKSILVER. 

Spain,  California,  Peru  and  Hungary  are  about  the  only  produc- 
ers of  this  subtle  metal  in  the  whole  world  as  far  as  is  known,  for 
though  traces  have  been  found  elsewhere,  in  Oregon,  Texas  and 
Mexico,  notably,  they  have  not  been  such  as  to  encourage  the  invest- 
ment of  capital.  And  in  Spain  and  Hungary,  which  are  large  pro- 
ducers, the  existence  of  the  metal  in  paying  quantities  seems  to  be 
confined  to  a  couple  of  mines,  one  of  which  has  been  worked  from 
pre-historic  times.  But  the  live  metal  is  found  over  a  great  extent 
of  California,  principally  at  or  near  the  coast  range.  Here  cinnabar 
ore  is  found  in  thousands  of  places,  though  not  in  paying  quantity 
save  in  a  few.  But  good  prospects  are  being  constantly  discovered 
and  out  of  them  all,  no  doubt  other  good  mines  will  be  developed. 
The  business  has  been  followed  in  this  State  since  1850  and  during 
that  time  forty  producing  mines  have  been  worked,  while  thirty 
have  been  in  operation  at  one  and  the  same  time.  Quicksilver, 
while  the  price  held  up  was  a  source  of  great  wealth  to  the  State  and 
to  individuals,  and  large  profits  have  been  made  out  of  it.  It  has 
given  some  of  our  millionaires  to  California.  The  export  had  reached 
44,506  flasks  in  1868,  and  the  price  was  brought  as  high  as  $1.70  per 
lb.  Nov.  1873.  It  has  fluctuated  between  33±c  and  $1.55  per  lb. 
The  heavy  production  of  the  sixties  came  to  a  stop,  and  in  1873  the 
total  yield  of  the  mines  was  only  28,600  flasks;  this  was  on  account 
of  the  falling  off  in  the  production  of  the  new  Almaden  which  at  one 
time  turned  out  3,500  flasks  a  month,  or  42,000  flasks  a  year. 
Towards  the  close  of  1873  this  was  reduced  to  750  flasks  a  month. 
At  that  time  the  price  in  London  was  £20  or  in  round  numbers  $100 
per  flask — at  par  $97.33.  Between  1850  and  1866,  this  State  sup- 
plied one-half  the  production  of  the  world.  For  a  long  series  of 
years,  the  New  Almaden,  the  New  Idria  and  the  Redington  mines 
yielded  the  greater  part  of  the  supply  of  the  State.  But  the  rate  at 
which  the  mines  were  worked  at  length  exhausted  the  supply  and 
now  Napa  takes  precedence  of  Santa  Clara  as  a  quicksilver  pro- 
ducer.    The  New  Almaden  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  quicksilver 


44  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

mines  in  the  world  and  has  over  76  miles  of  underground  workings. 
Our  product  finds  a  market  everywhere;  as  New  York,  where  most 
of  the  product  is  shipped,  supplies  many  markets.  Mexico  is  our 
largest  foreign  customer  and  has  long  been  a  good  one.  We  used  to 
ship  largely  to  China,  but  the  European  supply  manipulated  by  the 
Rothschilds  has  taken  the  place  of  ours  in  that  country.  The  pro- 
duction declined  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1890  it  was  22,926 
flasks  and  next  year  22,904  flasks;  the  lowest  that  it  has  been  in 
o^er  30  years.  It  then  began  to  increase,  till  in  1895,  it  was  36,- 
104  flasks.     Since  then  the  yield  has  been  as  follows: 

Flasks 

1896 30,765 

1897 26,648 

1898 31,092 

1899 29,454 

1900 26,317 

1901 26,633 

The  county  of  Napa  led  no  production  in  1900,  the  yield  being 
8,724  flasks;  Santa  Clara  came  next  with  5,145  flasks,  followed  by 
San  Benito  with  3,990  flasks  and  Lake  with  3,165  flasks.  From 
Trinity  came  2,294  flasks  and  from  Sonoma  2209  flasks.  San  Luis 
Obispo  yielded  515  flasks  and  Colusa  275  flasks.  Most  of  it  comes 
therefore  from  the  north  of  the  bay  and  the  country  within  a  hun. 
dred  miles  of  it.  The  price  of  quicksilver  in  this  market  has  been 
steady  for  a  long  time — $47. 50  for  local  trade  and  $45  for  export. 
Most  of  the  producers  agree  in  fixing  the  price  at  stated  periods. 

Besides  the  mines  now  worked  hundreds  of  prospects  have  been 
made  all  over  the  State  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  in  this  one 
article  California  leads  the  world.  The  yield  of  1901  may  be  esti- 
mated as  follows: 

Napa., 8,724 

Santa  Clara .5,800 

San  BeDito 5,000 

Lake 4,000 

Sonoma 2,209 

San  Luis  Obispo. .     400 

Trinity 400 

Colusa 100 

26,633 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  45 

BORAX. 

The  deposits  of  what  may  be  termed  crude  borax  in  California 
and  Nevada  are  without  doubt  the  most  extensive  in  the  world. 
From  there  the  markets  of  the  United  States  are  supplied  and 
some  export  trade  with  ether  countries  carried.  We  used  to  export 
largely  to  England  from  San  Francisco,  but  this  has  altogether  ceased. 
Borax  first  commenced  to  assume  importance  in  the  seventies,  and 
in  1874  was  quotable  at  7^  cents  per  pound  for  concentrated  and 
12  cents  per  pound  for  refined.  The  price  for  the  former  is  now 
6§  cents  and  of  the  latter  7  cents.  Millions  of  dollars  have  been 
sunk  in  the  development  of  the  deposits  in  California,  and  at  least 
one  millionaire  owes  his  fortune  to  it.  It  used  to  be  all  refined 
in  this  State,  but  is  now  practically  all  shipped  to  New  York  by 
rail  in  an  unrefined  state.  Shipment  by  water  to  New  York  has 
ceased. 

The  supplies  in  the  State  are  most  of  them  obtained  in  Iny 
and  San  Bernardino  counties,  as  beds  in  dry  marshes  and  as  Cole 
manite,  so  called  after  Win.  T.  Coleman,  who  did  so  much  to 
develop  the  business,  on  the  coast.  The  Inyo  deposits  are  found  in 
Death  Valley,  which  is  300  feet  below  the  sea  level,  and  the  hottest 
place  in  North  America.  Four  principal  companies  work  most  of 
the  deposits  but  there  are  some  smaller  ones.  The  production  has 
varied  largely.  In  1873  the  shipments  by  sea  and  rail  indicated  a 
production  of  about  6,000,000  pounds.  By  1898  this  had  fallen 
off  to  2,029,390  pounds.  But  now  an  increase  began  again  followed 
again  by  a  falling  off.  In  1 890,  however,  the  output  suddenly  went 
up  to  6,402,034  pounds,  and  from  this  time  on  more  rapidly.  In 
1898  it  was  16,600,000  pounds,  in  1899,  40,714,000  pounds  and  in 
1900,  51,674,000  pounds.  Last  year  it  was  probably  108,000,000  lbs. 
In  1900  Inyo  produced  115  tons  of  refined  and  San  Bernardino  1,487 
tons  of  refined  and  24,235  tons  of  crude.  The  greater  part  of  the 
borax  consumed  in  the  world  is  produced  in  California.  There  has 
been  quite  an  increase  in  the  quantity  of  borax  produced  during  the 
year.  In  Inyo,  the  quantity  has  been  1300  tons  of  boracic  acid  and 
in  San  Bernardino  12,700  tons  of  boracic  acid.  There  was  mined 
36,500  tons  of  crude.     The  increase  is  not  as  great  over  1900  as  it 


46  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

would  appear  to  be  for  the  reason  that  the  statistics  obtained  this 
year  by  the  officials  of  the  Mining  Bureau  are  more  complete  than 
they  were  in  other  years.  The  work  of  development  is  going  on  at 
ten  places,  Tehama,  Lake  and  Ventura  Counties  as  well. 

CARBONATE  OF  SODA. 

In  1902  the  production  at  Keeler,  Inyo  County,  was  20,000  tons. 
Besides  this  it  is  found  in  Mono  and  San  Bernardino  Counties. 

NITRATE  OF  SODA. 

We  have  hitherto  been  dependent  on  Chili  for  this  mineral,  but 
development  work  has  been  going  on  for  some  time.  It  was  fast 
found  in  marketable  quantities  a  year  and  a  half  ago.  It  is  found 
in  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego  and  Inyo. 

SALT. 

The  production  of  salt  is  increasing  largely.  In  1900  Alameda 
county  reported  64,718  tons;  Colusa  20  tons;  Riverside  4,000  tons; 
San  Diego  600  tons,  while  20,000  tons  were  unapportioned — mak- 
ing a  total  of  89,338  tons  valued  at  $204,754.  The  amount  pro- 
duced in  1901  can  be  as  yet  only  approximated,  but  it  was  probably 
100,000  tons,  of  which  30,662  tons  must  be  credited  to  Salton,  Riv- 
erside County.  Besides  the  counties  here  noted  as  producers,  we 
can  add  Humboldt,  Shasta,  Calaveras,  San  Luis  Obispo,  San  Diego, 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  Counties  at  eighteen  different 
locations. 

PETROLEUM. 

The  first  discoveries  of  petroleum  in  California  were  made  in 
1864,  soon  after  the  great  boom  in  Pennsylvania.  There  was  con- 
siderable excitement  for  a  time,  and  many  millions  were  spent  in 
sinking  wells  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  but  the  drop  in  the 
price  of  crude  petroleum  suddenly  brought  the  business  in  nearly 
every  portion  of  the  State  to  a  full  stop.  The  discovery  of  oil  in 
Sespe  canyon  in  1873  started  up  the  excitement  again.  A  refinery 
was  started  in  Alameda  and  for  several  years  the  California  pro- 


J 


I  '       > 
u 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  47 

duct  was  sold  in  the  market  of  San  Francisco  alongside  of  the 
Eastern.  But  the  business  did  not  pay,  and  the  use  of  our  earth 
oil,  as  it  was  known,  was  confined  almost  altogether  to  lubricating 
purposes.  But  while  the  production  ceased  in  almost  all  the  rest 
of  the  State  it  was  continued  in  Los  Angeles  county  and  spread 
from  there  into  Ventura.  There  were  '175,000  barrels  produced 
prior  to  1876.  In  that  year  the  quantity  had  reached  a  minimum, 
being  only  12,000  barrels.  It  then  began  to  increase  and  made 
comparatively  rapid  strides  in  1879,  1880  and  1881,  reaching  99,- 
562  barrels  in  the  latter  year.  In  1887  the  product  was  nearly 
twice  that  of  the  previous  year,  and  in  1888  it  had  gone  up  to 
990,333,  or  almost  a  million  barrels.  This,  however,  was  the  maxi- 
mum for  seven  years  to  come.  In  1889  it  went  down  to  303,220 
barrels.  But  the  sinking  of  wells  in  Los  Angeles  City  field  in  1893 
changed  the  situation  and  the  tide  again  began  to  turn.  During 
two  years  the  output  increased  rapidly  and  in  1895  it  was  1,245,- 
339  barrels.  By  1899  it  had  more  than  doubled,  being  2,667,875 
barrels.  The  yield  of  Los  Angeles  had  been  over  a  million  barrels 
a  year.  In  1898  Coalinga,  in  Fresno  county,  was  discovered,  and 
in  1899  Kern  River  with  its  oleaginous  wealth  burst  upon  the 
attention  of  the  world.  From  that  time  on  the  prospector  and 
the  driller  have  been  at  work  in  every  likely  spot  all  over  the  State, 
and  each  month  has  seen  an  increase  in  production  over  the  month 
preceding.  The  yield  of  oil  in  1900  was  4,329,950  barrels,  while 
the  product  for  1901  was  more  than  double  or  8,742,500  barrels. 
During  the  past  year  the  principal  fields  developed  were  those  of 
Sunset,  McKittrick  and  Midway,  while  in  other  directions,  notably 
in  Fresno — San  Benito  district — good  prospects  have  been  struck. 
The  yield  in  1900  was  as  follows,  in  barrels  of  42  gallons  each: 

Fresno 547,960 

Kern 919,275 

Los  Angeles 1,722,SS7 

Orange 254,397 

Santa  Barbara 183,486 

Ventura 443.0G0 

Unspecified 248,945 

Here  Kern  River    jumped  in  one  year   from    15,000   barrels  to 
almost  a  million.     Los  Angeles  increased  by   313,531   barrels  or 


48  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

over  22  per  cent,  while  Orange  more  than  doubled  its  output.  The 
great  increase  in  1900  was  this  from  Kern  River,  while  in  1901 
there  has  been  an  increase  in  all  quarters.  There  is  hardly  a 
county  in  the  State  that  has  not  been  prospected.  The  production 
of  1901  may  be  divided  out  as  follows:  Fresno  740,000,  Kern 
4,492,500,  Los  Angeles  2,008,500,  Orange  724,000,  Santa  Barbara 
135,500  and  Ventura  512,000  barrels.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
producing  districs  all  seem  to  be  in  that  part  of  the  State,  south  of 
a  line  drawn  through  the  lower  part  of  Santa  Clara  Valley,  and  there 
undoubtedly  the  oil  is  nearer  the  surface  than  it  is  in  the  north. 
But  the  oil  of  Northern  California  has  to  be  sought  for  at  a  greater 
depth,  where  from  600  to  1600  feet  represents  the  depth  of  the 
wells  in  the  great  producing  districts.  The  depth  in  the  north  will 
have  to  be  from  1600  to  2500  feet.  The  oil  here  is  often  of  a  lighter 
quality,  suitable  for  the  highest  grades  of  lubricating  oil  and 
capable  also  of  being  used  as  an  illuminant.  In  this  respect  it 
compares  favorably  with  the  product  of  Pennsylvania.  In  the 
southern  fields,  however,  good  lubricating  and  illuminating  oil  is 
found,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  is  and  will  be  used  as  fuel.  We 
have  referred  to  the  lesser  depths  at  which  oil  is  struck  in  the 
southern  fields;  we  may  also  remark  that  the  greater  depth  the 
wells  are  sunk,  the  greater  the  flow  of  oil.  This  has  been  proved 
especially  in  Los  Angeles. 

The  great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  development  of  oil  resources 
has  been  the  one  of  transportation.  In  some  instances  there  is  no 
railway  to  haul  it,  and  where  there  is  the  charge  of  42  cents  per 
barrel  is  almost  prohibitory.  But  pipe  lines  will  settle  this  diffi- 
culty. There  are  now  many  pipe  lines  either  in  operation  or  pro- 
posed, such  as  those  in  Ventura  and  Kern.  In  the  former  county 
they  bring  the  oil  to  tide  water  where  it  is  loaded  on  the  steamers 
"George  Loomis"  and  "Ventura,"  and  brought  to  San  Francisco 
Bay.  Both  together  have  a  carrying  capacity  of  13,900  barrels, 
and  they  can  transport  a  million  barrels  a  year  to  the  city.  Pipe 
lines  from  the  lower  part  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  to  Firebaugh 
Ferry  on  the  San  Joaquin  River  and  to  San  Francisco  Bay  are 
planned.     They  will  be  fed  from  lateral  branches  and  the  transpor- 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  49 

tation  difficulty  will  have  been  solved.     Each  pipe  line  will,  it  is 
estimated,  cost  three  millions  of  dollars. 

There  have  been  various  estimates  of  the  amount  of  Eastern  cap- 
ital invested  in  the  oil  fields  of  California,  and  though  it  cannot  be 
accurately  stated,  it  cannot  be  estimated  at  anything  less  than  thirty 
millions     of    dollars.  The     number    of     companies     is     about 

4,000,  of  which  but  a  fraction  are  engaged  in  producing  oil  or  in 
drilling  for  it.  The  cost  of  drilling  wells  in  Southern  California 
has  been  from  $6,000  to  $10,000  each.  The  yield  has  varied  all  the 
way  from  one  barrel  to  1,000  barrels  a  day.  Want  of  storage 
facilities  has  been  a  great  drawback  to  the  oil  industry,  but  these 
are  being  rapidly  supplied  and  soon,  except  in  new  districts,  there 
will  be  nothing  to  complain  of  on  that  score.  The  depth  of  the  oil 
sands  in  the  Kern  River  has  been  averaged  at  400  feet,  but  they 
extend  to  600  feet  in  some  instances.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
there  are  a  billion  barrels  of  oil  in  the  oil  sands  of  the  Kern  field, 
and  as  this  when  marketed  is  worth  a  billion  of  dollars,  and  as 
Kern  is  only  a  part  of  the  California  oil  fields,  this  shows  that  oil 
as  a  product  is  of  at  least  an  equal  value  with  gold.  The  price  of 
oil  at  the  well  has  varied  according  to  the  quality  of  the  product 
and  the  necessity  of  the  seller.  It  has  gone  as  low  as  10  cents  a 
barrel  and  as  high  as  $1,  but  about  70  cents  would  seem  to  be  a 
good  average  for  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Of  course  where 
there  is  a  maiket  at  the  place  of  production  it  has  sold  at  $1.00  and 
SI. 25  and  sometimes  higher.  But  the  price  had  been  gradually 
declining  until  about  the  middle  of  1901.  It  will  no  doubt  be 
still  further  strengthened.  It  is  estimated  that  California  has  40,- 
000  square  miles  of  territory,  containing  strata  that  indicates  the 
presence  of  oil  in  larger  or  smaller  quantity.  But  a  portion  of  this 
has  yet  been  tested.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  area  of  the  State 
in  which  oil  is  found  in  paying  quantity  will  be  largely  increased. 
The  use  of  oil  as  a  fuel  has  greatly  increased  and  would  be  much 
larger  to-day,  but  for  the  great  strike  in  the  iron  trade.  At  present 
it  fully  equals  the  production  of  the  State  and  it  is  estimated  that 
when  it  will  have  been  used  where  it  can  with  advantage,  it  will 
take  10,000,000  barrels  to  meet  the  demand  by  the  railroads,  steam- 


50  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

ships,  etc.  and  in  manufacturing.     For  these  purposes  it  is  cheaper 
than  coal  on  the  Pacific  Coast  by  about  50  per  cent. 

About  1,800,000  bbls.  of  oil  have  been  refined  and  as  facilities 
for  refining  are  afforded,  the  quantity  thus  used  will  become  large. 
Of  course  this  is  rumored  from  the  field  of  competition  as  fuel. 
Refining  adds  largely  to  the  value  of  the  crude  material,  the  results 
being  that  a  barrel  of  oil  worth  $1  becomes  worth  $2  to  $3  or  more. 
The  finer  oils  when  refined  become  with  by-products  worth  $5  to  $8 
and  even  more  per  barrel,  so  that  the  production  and  refining  of  oil 
is  sure  to  take  a  very  high  rank  amongst  our  industries. 
The  yield  of  oil  in  this  State  may  be  given  as  follows: 

Bbls. 
Previous  to  1876 175,000 

1876 12,000 

1877 13,000 

1878 15,227 

1879 19,S5S 

1880 40,552 

1881 99,562 

1S82 128,636 

18S3 142,857 

1884 262,000 

1885 325,000 

1886 377,145 

18S7 678,572 

18S8 990,333 

1889 303,220 

1890 307,260 

1891 323,600 

1892 385,049 

1893 470,179 

1894 783,078 

1895 1,245,339 

1896 1,257,760 

1897 1,911,569 

1898 2,249,088 

1899 2,677,875 

1900 4,329,952 

1901 8,742,500 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  51 

MINERALWATER. 

The  existence  of  Mineral  Springs  possessing  healing  properties 
was  known  almost  as  soon  as  white  men  made  their  appearance  in 
the  State.  The  production  and  consumption  of  these  water  has 
been  carried  on  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  production  by- 
gallons  since  1887  has  been  as  follows: 

1887 618,162 

1888 1,112,202 

1889 808,625 

1890  258,7^2 

1891 334,653 

1892 331,575 

1893 383,179 

1894 402,275 

1895 .   .     701,397 

1896. 808,843 

1897 1,508,192 

1898 1,429,809 

1899 1,338,537 

1900 2,456,115 

The  production  by  counties  in  1900  was  as  follows:  Butte, 
15,000  gallons;  Colusa,  53,500  gallons;  Contra  Costa,  12,000  gal- 
lons; Fresno,  5000  gallons;  Humboldt,  6000  gallons;  Lake,  758,000 
gallons;  Mendocino,  24,875  gallons;  Monterey,  20,000  gallons; 
Napa,  171,000  gallons;  San  Benito,  10,000  gallons;  San  Diego, 
6500  gallons;  Santa  Barbara,  19,000  gallons;  Santa  Clara,  30,000 
gallons;  Shasta,  9,640  gallons;  Siskiyou,  700,000  gallons;  Solano, 
20,000  gallons;  Sonoma,  575,000  gallons;  unapportioned,  20,000 
gallons. 

OTHER  MINERALS. 

The  amount  of  sandstone  prepared  in  1900  was  378,463  cubic 
feet,  of  which  7,500  feet  was  from  Los  Angeles,  120,000  feet  from 
Santa  Clara,  908  feet  from  Yolo  and  12,500  feet  unapportioned. 

The  amount  of  granite  cut  in  1900  was  316,803  cubic  feet,  of 
which  124,015  feet  was  from  Madera,  26,922  feet  from  Placer,  103,- 
520  feet  from  Sacramento,  6,000  feet  from  San  Bernardino,  7,300 
feet  from  San  Diego,  2,030  feet  from  Santa  Barbara,  5,750  feet  from 
Trinity,  1500  feet  from  Tulare,  28,629  feet  from  Ventura  and  4,000 
feet  unapportioned. 


52  CALIFORNIA.    STATISTICS 

FRUIT. 

The  fruit  industry  of  California  will  always  rank  as  a  leading  one 
in  the  State,  on  account  of  the  vast  extent  of  land  suitable  for  its 
cultivation  and  the  rich  returns  that  it  yields  to  the  cultivator. 
We  owe  the  introduction  of  all  the  leading  varities,  now  cultivated, 
to  the  Mission  fathers,  who  first  planted  them  about  one  hundred 
and  thirty  year  ago.  They  were  of  course  introduced  from  Old 
Spain,  through  Mexico,  but  of  late  years  all  the  finest  varieties 
have  been  planted  and  the  matter  of  fruit  production  is  being  largely 
conducted  from  a  scientific  standpoint.  Before  many  years  will 
have  passed  by  none  but  the  very  best  varieties  will  be  grown,  and 
then  only  where  the  soil  and  climate  are  especially  suited  to  them. 
This  is  fast  being  determined  by  experience,  intelligently  directed. 
Notwithstanding  its  early  introduction,  there  was  very  little  done 
in  the  cultivation  of  fruit  till  the  early  seventies,  and  then  it  was 
several  years  before  the  industry  assumed  any  prominence.  In  fact 
a  period  of  twenty  years  will  cover  its  practical  existence  as  a  factor 
of  our  agriculture. 

In  1767  the  first  fruit  trees  were  planted  and  in  1793  the  different 
Missions  had  about  5000  trees,  all  seedling.  In  1812  and  again  in 
1820  several  small  orchards  were  planted  in  Sonoma  county,  while 
in  Yolo  and  Los  Angeles  some  were  planted  in  1841  and  1845. 
Some  of  those  are  still  in  existence.  Now  every  year  new  trees  are 
coming  into  bearing  and  we  estimate  that  the  fruit  output  of  the 
State  will  be  more  than  doubled  in  the  next  20  years.  The  apple 
grows  well  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierras  and  the  Coast  Range,  the 
peach  and  the  nectarine  in  our  warm  valleys,  the  pear  almost  every- 
where, the  apricot  around  San  Francisco  Bay  and  where  the  salt  air 
and  sufficient  warmth  are  found,  the  quince  almost  everywhere  and 
the  cherry  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  and  in  other  local- 
ities, where  soil  and  surroundings  are  similiar.  The  prune  and  the 
plum  flourish,  the  former  particularly  around  San  Francisco  Bay 
and  in  the  interior  valleys,  while  the  South  is  the  home  of  the 
citrus  fruit.  The  olive  and  the  fig  they  grow  everywhere  in  the 
warm  valleys.  Berries  are  raised  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  The 
almond  and  the  walnut  flourish  in  congenial  situations.     The  grape, 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  53 

especially  the  Mission,  is  grown  everywhere.  For  some  description 
of  fruit  especially  the  peach,  the  apricot  and  the  pear,  California  is 
unrivalled. 

The  number  of  acres  devoted  to  fruit  culture  in  1892  was  401,415, 
of  which  at  that  time  282,496|  acres  were  in  bearing.  Today  all 
are  in  bearing  and  produce  fruit  worth  $40,000,000,  or  an  average 
of  about  SI 00  an  acre,  but  much  of  this  land  will  net  more  than  an 
average  of  production  or  from  $100  to  several  hundred  dollars  per 
acre.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  not  less  than  30,000,000  acres 
in  California  eminently  suited  to  fruit  growing.  At  $100  per  acre 
the  product  of  this  would  be  worth  three  billion  dollars  per  annum. 
Our  estimate  is  that  in  20  years  California  fruit  product  will  average 
one  hundred  million  dollars  a  year.  Fresno  with  Riverside  and 
San  Bernardino  vie  with  each  other  as  to  the  average  of  fruit, 
about  50,000  acres  for  the  first  and  the  same  amount  for  the  latter 
together.  Los  Angeles  comes  next  with  say  35,000  acres.  Santa  Clara 
has  25,000  acres  devoted  to  fruit  culture.  Tulare  has  21,000  acres 
nearly,  Solano,  19,000  acres;  San  Diego,  16,000  acres;  Alameda, 
16,500  acres;  Orange,  15,000  acres;  Sacramento,  13,000  acres; 
Sonoma,  13,000  acres;  Butte,  13,000  acres;  Yolo,  12,000  acres; 
Ventura,  11,500  acres;  Placer,  9000;  Kern,  10,000  acres;  Santa 
Barbara,  10,000  acres;  Santa  Cruz  and  Tehama,  7500  acres  each, 
San  Joaquin,  6000  acres;  San  Luis  Obispo,  5000  acres;  Contra 
Costa,  6000  acres;  Napa  and  Alameda.  3500  acres  each;  Merced, 
Sutter  and  Monterey,  3000  acres  each;  El  Dorado  and  Glenn,  2500 
acres  each;  Yuba  and  Shasta,  2000  acres  each.  Siskiyou  has  1600 
acres,  San  Benito,  1800  acres;  Lake,  1750  acres;  Nevada,  1700 
acres;  Mendocino,  1500  acres;  Humboldt  and  Calaveras,  1400  acres 
each;  Stanislaus,  1300  acres;  Amador,  1100  acres.  The  rest  are  all 
small,  Marin,  800  acres;  Mariposa  and  Lassen,  600  acres  each; 
Tuolumne,  700  acres;  Modoc  and  Trinity,  300  acres  each;  Del 
Norte,  150  acres;  Sierra,  108  acres;  Alpine,  30  acres  and  Mono  11 
acres. 

The  total  acreage  has  increased  largely  since  1892,  and  now  may 
be  given  at  565,402,  of  which  the  above  represents  the  bearing 
acreage.  The  acreage  according  to  variety  is  as  follows:  Plum 
and   prune  146,466,   peach   100,030,  orange  65,168,   olive  56,310, 


54  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

apricots  49,826,  apples  28,564,  pears  27,535,  lemon  16,408,  cherry 
10,410,  fig  6625,  pomelo  636,nectarines  300,  quince  65,  miscellaneous 
3206.  Nuts:  Almonds  29,079,  walnuts  24,804.  The  area  contains 
about  35,000,000  trees,  which  in  full  bearing  would  average  100  lbs 
to  a  tree,  or  3,500,000,000  lbs  per  annum  for  the  State.  At  $40 
per  ton  this  would  give  $70,000,000  as  the  annual  value  of  our 
fruit  crop.  This  shows  what  is  possible  even  with  our  present 
acreage.  The  actual  production  of  the  State  including  wine  grapes 
may  be  given  at  2,500,000,000  lbs.  This  would  give  1,350,000  lbs 
of  deciduous  fruits  exclusive  of  grapes  and  about  500,000,000  lbs  of 
citrus  fruits  etc. 

Of  the  actual  production,  about  250,000,000  lbs.  of  green  fruit  is 
consumed  in  the  State  and  on  the  Coast ;  this  accounts  for  the 
whole  crop.  In  1901  there  was  a  large  falling  off  in  the  production 
of  apricots,  early  peaches  and  cherries,  while  the  crop  of  raisin 
»rapes  also  was  Eomewhat  less  than  in  1900.  The  shipments  ef  de- 
ciduous fruits  for  the  past  twelve  years  may  be  given  as  follows: 

tons 

1890  34,042 

1891 50,548.9 

1892 59,374.5 

1893 80,112.3 

1894 90,692.2 

1895 66,264.8 

1S96 57,638.3 

1897 72,350.2 

1898 69,732.2 

1899   96,943.6 

1900 91,176.5 

1901 80,000 

Of  the  Pajaro  Valley  apple  crop  2500  cars  have  been  shipped  to 
England  and  the  East.  The  portion  not  shipped,  is  dried,  canned 
or  consumed  in  the  State  and  shipped  to  neighboring  States.  The 
tendency  on  the  Coast  is  to  use  more  fruit  every  year,  leaving  pro- 
portionately less  to  export. 

The  arts  of  the  canner  and  the  fruit  drier  enable  the  surplus  to 
reach  the  consumer  in  the  State  and  abroad  in  quite  as  good  con- 
dition, as  far  as  utility  as  a  food  product  is  concerned,  as  when  they 
were  taken  from  the  tree.     The  extent  of  the  market  for  California 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  55 

fruits  depends  on  the  care  taken  by  the  orchardist  and  the  packer 
as  to  soil  and  climate  for  the  different  varieties  and  as  to  the  per- 
fection in  the  arts  of  canning  and  drying.  With  proper  attention 
to  these  matters  the  field  is  practically  illimitable.  The  dearness  of 
meat  will  make  it  to  become  less  and  less  an  article  of  popular  con- 
sumption and  it  will  be  replaced  to  a  great  extent  by  fruit.  Let 
each  family  in  the  United  States,  say  15,000,000  of  them,  use  on 
an  average  3  lbs.  of  fruit  each  day  and  there  will  be  a  total  annual 
consumption  of  16,425,000,000  lbs.  worth  $40  per  ton,  $328,500,000 
of  which  California  can  furnish  its  share,  and  it  is  not  only  the 
United  States  that  we  can  look  to  for  a  customer,  but  practically  all 
the  civilized  world.  As  it  is  to-day,  the  fame  of  California  fruit 
has  gone  to  all  lands.  One  of  the  largest  consumers  of  our  fruit  is 
Great  Britain,  which  buys  canned  and  dried.  British  Columbia  and 
Australia  are  also  large  purchasers  and  will  be  larger.  They  take 
canned  and  dried  fruit,  principally  the  latter  and  raisins.  The 
shipments  by  the  steamers  to  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  British 
Columbian  ports  and  for  the  Klondike  and  Alaska  during  1901 
were  very  large.  The  markets  of  Mexico  and  the  republics  of  Cen- 
tral and  South  America  are  beginning  to  take  a  good  deal  of  our 
product,  especially  those  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  as  we 
have  steam  communication  regularly  we  will  find  a  good  demand  in 
those  of  South  America  also. 

In  the  early  seventies,  the  possibilities  of  California  raisins  had 
begun  to  be  talked  about.  Samples  were  exhibited  at  State  Fairs 
and  elsewhere  but  no  one  dreamed  that  they  could  compete  with 
those  of  Malaga.  A  few  hundred  boxes  were  made.  In  1873  the 
product  reached  6,000  boxes,  in  1874,  9,000  boxes,  in  1875  11,000 
boxes.  Next  year  it  nearly  doubled — 19, 000  boxes,  but  the  United 
States  imported  1,350,000  boxes  from  Spain.  Then  the  make 
grew  rapidly  to  32,000  boxes,  next  year  ;  48,000  boxes  in  1878  ; 
65,000  boxes  in  1879  ;  75,000  boxes  in  1880  and  90,000  boxes  in 
1881.     Since  then  the  crop  has  been  as  follows  : 


56  CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS. 

20  lb.  bx.  20  lb.  bx. 

1882..., 115,000  1892 2,850,000 

1883 140,000  1893 4,250,000 

1884 175,000  1894 5,150,000 

1885 470,000  1895 4.568,000 

1886 703,000  1896 3,412,530 

1887 800,000  1897 4,685,200 

1888 950,000  1898     4,031,650 

1889 1,250,000  1899 3,578,400 

1890 1,900,000  1900 3,604,000 

1891 2,600,000  1901 3,600,000 

There  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  increase  of  the  crop  but  the  dry 
weather  or  some  mishap  to  the  crop  of  raisin  grapes  as  the  market 
is  constantly  increasing.  We  export  largely  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  Australias,  The  Pacific  market  is  capable  of  indefinite  ex- 
pansion. The  area  devoted  to  the  raisin  grape  at  present  is  in 
round  numbers,  50,000  acres,  principally  in  the  county  of  Fresno. 
About  47,000  acres  are  yielding  and  the  average  product  in  a  good 
year  is  one  ton  per  acre  or  47,000  tons  to  the  State.  Fresno  county 
produces  35,000  tons  from  35,000  acres.  But  this  varies  with  the 
year.  The  crop  of  1900  was  about  36,000  tons  for  the  whole  State, 
of  which  Fresno  produced  about  33,000  tons  and  Southern  Califor- 
nia— Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego,  the  rest.  The 
following  table  of  shipments  by  rail  for  1900  indicates  with  toler- 
able clearness  the  county  of  production;  the  quantity  credited  to  San 
Francisco  and  Oakland  really  belonging  to  Fresno : 

tons 

San  Francisco 74.8 

San  Jose 5.9 

Stockton  (Fresno) 29,888.7 

Sacramento 878 .9 

Marysville 326.3 

other  points  in 

North  Calif 3,042. 9 

Los  Angeles 885.4 

Orange 09.3 

Riverside 39. 1 

San  Bernardino 273.8 

San  Diego 343.6 

Shipments  by  rail  and  sea,  exclusive  of  those  to  Coast  points  by 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  57 

sea,  have  been  as  follows:  1890,  20,560  tons;  1891,  22,779.1  tons; 
1892,  26,673.4  tons;  1893,  37,409.9  tons;  1894,46,954.4  tons; 
1895,  46,390,1  tons;  1896,  34,434.6  tons;  1897,  39,065.8  tons: 
1898,  47,796.3  tons;  1899,  36,008.7  tons;  1900,  36,047  tons; 
1901,  35,000  tons  (est.)  The  maximum  of  shipments  was  reached  in 
1898.  The  quantity  shipped  more  than  doubled  in  eight  years. 
The  decline  during  the  past  three  years  has  been  due  to  unfavorable 
seasons.  Seeing  the  care  taken  in  the  cultivation  and  packing, 
California  raisins  may  well  be  declared  to  be  the  very  best  in  th 
world. 

THE  FIG. 

The  fig  is  one  of  the  oldest  cultivated  fruits  of  which  we  have  any 
record.  It  grows  everywhere  in  the  State  but  flourishes  especially 
in  the  warmer  sections.  The  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  is 
given  elsewhere.  Some  of  the  finest  varieties  extant  have  been  in- 
troduced during  the  past  dozen  or  so  years,  while  the  methods  of 
preparing  for  market  have  been  very  much  improved.  The  first 
carload  of  dried  California  figs  was  sold  in  New  York  in  1889,  two 
months  before  any  of  that  season's  imported  had  reached  there.  It 
had  long  been  desired  to  grow  the  Smyrna  fig  of  commerce  in  the 
State  but  all  efforts  were  unsuccessful  until  the  introduction  of  the 
fig  wasp.  This  was  accomplished  by  Geo.  C.  Roeding  and  now 
California  produces  better  figs  than  any  other  country.  The  new 
fig  is  known  as  Calmyrna  and  it  contains  according  to  the  testimony 
of  Professor  Hilgard  of  the  University  of  California,  63.92  per  cent 
of  sugar,  or  1.42  per  cent  more  than  the  celebrated  Smyrna  fig  of 
Asia  Minor.  The  output  of  figs  in  the  State  is  6,000,000  lbs. 
yearly,  most  of  which  find  a  ready  market  in  the  East.  The  crop 
for  several  years  has  been  as  follows  :  1891,  360,000  lbs.;  1892, 
500,000  lbs.;  1893,  900,000  lbs.;  1894,  1,540,000  lbs.;  1895, 
2,750,000  lbs.;  1896,  2,160,000  lbs.;  1897,  3,250,000  lbs.;  1898, 
4,780,000  lbs.,  1899,  5,800,000  lbs.;  1900,  6,000,000  lbs.;  1901, 
5,900,000  lbs. 


58  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

DRIED  FRUIT. 

We  refer  here  more  particularly  to  all  varieties  of  dried  fruit 
except  raisins  and  prunes.  For  years  after  fruit-growing  became 
one  of  our  leading  industries,  the  problem  was  what  to  do  with  the 
surplus.  The  canner  took  charge  of  a  portion,  but  the  canning  in_ 
dustry  had  not  then  grown  to  the  proportions  that  it  has  since  as. 
sumed.  The  only  way  to  solve  it  was  to  resort  to  drying,  but  several 
years  elapsed  before  any  headway  was  made  in  this  direction.  In  1873, 
there  were  736,000  lbs.  dried.  Almost  all  varieties  of  fruit  are 
dried-  the  principal,  however,  outside  of  the  prune  are  the  apricot 
and  the  peach,  the  former  especially.  California  bears  the  palm  for 
apricots,  the  greater  part  of  the  crop  of  which  is  dried.  Exclusive 
of  prunes  the  quantity  of  dried  fruit  may  be  given  as  follows:  Peaches 
27,150,000  lbs.;  apricots  30,125,000  lbs.;  apples  5,250,000  lbs.; 
pears  6,350,000  lbs.;  plums  3,250,000  lbs.;  nectarines  285,000  lbs.; 
grapes  3,450,000  lbs.  Taking  in  prunes,  the  total  amount  of  dried 
fruit  for  the  year  1900  was  250,000,000  lbs.;  for  1901,  it  was  only 
126  000,000  lbs.,  of  this  about  90,000,000  lbs.  must  be  credited  to 
Santa  Clara  County,  while  in  1900,  the  amount  raised  in  the  same 
county  was  about  130,000,000  lbs. 

The  shipments  by  rail  of  dried  fruits  in  1890  were  as  follows 
San  Francisco  5,548  tons;  Oakland  530  tons;  San  Jose  32,270.4, 
Stockton  23,599.4  tons,  Sacramento  13,157.8  tons,  Marysville 
5  612.9  tons,  other  points  north  of  California  4,181.4  tons;  Los 
Angeles  1,748.5  tons,  Orange  492.27  tons;  Riverside  130.1;  San 
Bernardino  1,265.5  tons;  San  Diego  59.6  tons.  The  growth  of  the 
trade  in  dried  fruits  is  shown  by  the  shipments.  In  1880,  ship- 
ments were  500,000  lbs.  and  in  1889,  over  33,000,000  lbs.  or  16,- 
500  tons.  This  was  a  phenomenal  growth.  In  1890,  this  had 
doubled,  being  32,297.5  tons.  In  1891,  it  was  32,919.1  ton;  in 
1892  29,762.2  tons  and  in  1893,  45,386.2  tons  or  50  per  cent  of  an 
increase.  The  figures  of  1894  were  51,828.2  tons  and  of  1895,  61,- 
386.4  tons,  a  steady  increase.  In  1896,  there  was  a  falling  off  to 
48  522.8  tons  but  this  was  made  up  for  in  1897,  when  it  went  up  to 
75  159.7  tons.  In  1898  a  slight  increase  was  shown,  the  total  be- 
ing 76,662.7  tons,  while  in  1899  the  total  went  up  to  86,925.3  tons 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  59 

and  in  1900  to  90,052.8  tons,  an  increase  of  nearly  three  fold  in  ten 
years.  In  1901  the  shipments  were  over  100,000  tons  and  while 
there  may  not  be  such  an  increase  between  1900  and  1910  as  there 
was  between  1890  and  1900,  we  believe  that  it  will  be  very  large 
indeed.     The  output  has  been  as  follows  : 

lbs.  lbs.  lba. 

1891....  40,210, 000  1895....  57, 960, 000  1898....  37,400,000 

1892.... 38,200,000  1896.... 42,775, 000  1899....  68,540, 000 

1893.... 40,840,000  1897.... 79,110,000  1900....  94, 580, 000 

1894.... 81,720, 000  1901....  84,000, 000 

THE  PRUNE  CROP. 

The  California  prune  takes  a  leading  rank  amongst  the  prunes  of 
commerce.  It  has  less  pit  and  skin  in  proportion  to  the  meat  than 
the  French  fruit.  Its  proportion  of  saccharine  matter  is  much 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  prune.  When  cooked  it  has  a  de- 
licious flavor.  It  keeps  better  and  longer  without  sugaring  than 
the  foreign  article.  The  price  of  the  green  fruit  varies  from  $35  to 
$60  per  ton,  that  of  the  dried  fruit,  $30  to  $50,  although  it  has  been 
sold  lower.  If  properly  cultivated,  some  fruit  may  be  gathered  the 
third  year,  the  fifth  will  give  50  to  60  lbs.  to  the  tree  and  the  sixth 
should  double  that.  It  is  then  in  its  full  bearing  and  should  give 
150  to  300  lbs.  of  green  fruit  every  year.  In  1873  there  were  5,368 
lbs.  of  plums  and  prunes  dried.  Statistics  of  the  annual  production 
have  been  kept  since  1880,  when  the  crop  was  estimated  at  2,000,- 
000  lbs.  In  1888  it  rose  suddenly  to  15,200,000  lbs.  and  in  1891 
to  27,000,000  lbs.  From  that  it  increased  to  97,780,000  lbs.  in 
1897.  That  of  1898  was  90,470,000  lbs.,  of  1899,  114,227,000  lbs. 
The  crop  of  1900  was  unusually  large— 190,431,019  lbs.,  of  which 
about  120,000,000  lbs.  were  the  product  of  Santa  Olara  County, 
That  of  1901  was  100,000,000  lbs. 

CANNED  FRUIT. 

Once  that  the  output  of  fruit  became  larger  than  the  population 
needed  during  the  season  of  ripening  the  aid  of  the  canner  was 
sought  to  preserve  it  so  that  it  could  not  only  be  kept  for  the  rest 
of  the  year,  but  that  the  surplus  should  find  a  sale  in  the  markets 
of  the  East  and  of  the  countries  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.     The  first 


60  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

cannery  was  established  in  this  city  in  the  60's.  But  it  was  only 
in  the  seventies  that  the  work  of  the  canner  assumed  any  magni- 
tude. The  growth  of  the  business  during  the  past  ten  years  or  so 
has  been  very  rapid.  We  began  in  1890  with  almost  a  million  and 
a  half  cases,  or  to  be  exact,  1,493,300  cs.  each  24  2|  lb.  tins.  In 
1894  the  pack  was  1,528,818  ;  in  1897,  1,942,982  ;  in  1898,  3,000,- 
000  ;  in  1900  2,600,000  and  in  1901,  2,250,000  cs.  The  greater  part 
of  the  pack  is  disposed  of  in  the  East  while  England  has  taken  700,  ■ 
000  to  900,000  cs.  annually  and  large  quantities  are  sent  to  Australia, 
British  Columbia,  China,  Japan,  the  East  Indies  and  indeed  all  over 
the  world.  We  now  ship  a  good  deal  to  South  Africa  and  even 
some  to  Teheran  and  Cairo.  The  superior  quality  of  California 
fruit  and  the  abilities  of  our  cannerie3  is  what  accounts  for  the  wide 
distribution  of  the  canned  product.  The  shipments  from  the  State 
by  land  and  sea  since  1890  have  been  as  follows :  1890,  40,060.9 
tons ;  1891,  32,395  tons  ;  1892,  55,273.7  tons ;  1893,  31,626.3 
tons  ;  1894,  60,357.6  tons ;  1895,  41,395.5  tons  ;  1896,  45,546.9  tons  ; 
1897,  73,464.7  tons  ;  1898,  52,219.7  tons  ;  1899,  75,240  tuns  ;  1900 
75,556.9  tons.  The  year  of  heaviest  shipment  has  therefore  been 
1900.  The  fruit  crop  was  short  in  1901,  hence  there  is  a  falling 
off  in  that  year.  England's  taxation  of  canned  fruit  cut  down 
exports  thither,  and  Australia  has  placed  a  heavy  tariff  on  the 
product. 

The  shipments  by  rail  in  1900  were  made  from  the  following 
points:  San  Francisco,  16,183.1  tons;  Oakland,  7,770.7  tons;  San 
Jose,  7,001.6  tons;  Stockton,  4,608.8  tons;  Sacramento,  6,077.8 
tons  ;  Marysville,  4,028.9  ton3 ;  other  points  in  Northern  Califor- 
nia, 459  tons;  Los  Angele3,  4,172.7  tons;  Orange  County,  139.1 
tons;  San  Bernardino,  616.8  tons.  The  principal  part  of  the  pack- 
ing has  long  been  done  in  San  Francisco,  but  the  great  strike  of  last 
year  caused  a  larger  than  usual  quantity  to  be  packed  outside  and 
lor  a  time  threatened  to  inflict  a  damaging  blow  on  the  industry. 

THE  OLIVE. 

The  olive  is  one  of  the  mo3t  famous  trees  in  the  world  and  is  the 
most  ancient  fruit  tree  now  existing  of  which  we  have  any  record. 
3n  the  Scriptural  account  of  the  deluge,  an  olive  leaf  is  brought  back 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  61 

to  the  ark  to  Noah  by  a  dove.  It  has  been  cultivated  in  Western 
Asia  and  Southern  Europe  for  thousands  of  years  and  in  Spain, 
Italy  and  Southern  France  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  of  fruit 
trees.  The  mission  fathers  introduced  it  into  California  but  it  re- 
ceived scant  attention  till  a  comparatively  recent  period.  Every 
part  of  the  State  below  the  2000  limit  on  the  Sierras  and  away 
from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  ocean  is  favorable  to  its  growth. 
Its  acreage  is  56,310  and  it  is  estimated  that  there  are  2,000,000 
trees  planted,  principally  in  the  South,  the  Coast  counties  and  Placer, 
In  1883  there  were  less  than  500  gallons  of  olive  oil  made  in  Cali- 
fornia, In  1891  there  was  made  11,200  gallons  of  olive  oil  which 
sold  at  $10  to  $12  per  case  of  a  dozen  quarts  or  three  gallons  each. 
About  50,000  gallons  of  ripe  olives  were  made  into  pickles  which 
sold  at  from  $.60  to  $1.50  per  gallon. 

In  April  1858,  Ellwood  Cooper  the  father  of  the  industry,  as  it 
now  exists,  saw  a  flourishing  orchard  at  the  Mission  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara. From  cuttings  at  this  and  other  Missions,  the  first  planting 
was  done.  Since  then  other  varieties  have  been  introduced  from 
Europe.  The  olive  does  not  require  irrigation.  A  well  grown  olive 
tree  from  12  to  15  years  old  will  produce  in  a  good  year  200  to  250 
pounds  of  fruit.  A  large  bottle  of  oil  will  be  made  from  8£  pounds 
of  olives.  The  ripe  pickled  olive  of  California  is  dark  in  color,  rich 
and  of  exquisite  flavor  and  is  pronounced  superior  to  that  of  any 
fruit  of  Europe.  The  counties  where  the  industry  is  now  carried 
on  are  Santa  Barbara,  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  Ventura,  Placer, 
Butte,  Contra  Costa,  Riverside,  Orange,  Sonoma,  Napa,  Santa 
Clara  and  Merced. 

THE  ORANGE. 

The  orange  has  been  one  of  the  most  profitable  fruits  grown  in 
the  State,  where  like  many  others  it  was  at  first  planted  at  the 
Missions.  It  did  not  however  attract  much  attention  till  the  South- 
ern Pacific  had  brought  Los  Angeles  and  the  South  into  connection 
with  the  rest  of  the  United  States.  Then  people  who  were  inter- 
ested in  the  industry  flocked  here  from  all  quarters.  Since  then 
the  industry  of  orange  growing  has  kept  advancing  with  steady 
stride  and  each  year  sees  a  larger  increase  in  production  over  the 


62  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

year  preceding.  Oranges  are  grown  in  forty-five  counties  of  the 
State  and  in  the  Northern  counties  the  crop  matures  the  earliest. 
The  industry  became  prominent  between  1860  and  1870.  In  1890-2 
the  shipments  were  4,016  cars.  In  1896-7  this  had  increased  to 
7,350  cars.  This  has  steadily  increased  till  the  shipments  of  oranges 
and  lemons  combined,  has  now  about  reached  30,000  cars,  most  of 
which  consists  of  oranges.  The  citrus  fruits  are  grown  in  what  is 
called  the  thermal  belt,  a  strip  of  land  along  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierras  for  a  distance  of  about  700  miles  and  a  width  of  a  few  miles 
to  thirty.  This  belt  is  from  300  to  1800  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
The  acreage  devoted  to  oranges  is  about  65,168  acres  on  which  are 
planted  about  eight  million  trees.  Only  a  portion  of  these  are  in 
full  bearing  and  it  will  take  fifteen  to  twenty  years  for  all  of  them 
to  be  in  full  bearing.  The  yield  of  some  is  a  box  a  year,  some  more. 
The  counties  shipping  oranges  are  Los  Angeles,  Riverside,  Orange, 
San  Bernardino,  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Tulare,  Fresno, 
Sacramento,  Placer,  Yuba,  Butte  and  Tehama.  Returns  from  an 
orange  orchard  may  be  expected  in  about  seven  years,  after  that 
they  are  better  year  after  year.  It  costs  $500  to  $1000  an  acre  to 
get  them  in  full  bearing. 

There  are  no  statistics  available  showing  the  separate  shipments 
of  oranges  and  lemons  until  a  late  period.  Both  are  included  under 
the  common  head  citrus.  The  shipments  in  1890  were  34,709  6 
tons,  increasing  to  46,921.4  tons  next  year.  In  1892  the  exports 
were  34,857.5  tons;  in  1893,  80,757  tons;  in  1894,  58,964  tons  ; 
in  1895,  115,825.5  tons;  in  1896,  99,156  tons;  in  1897, .98,547 
tons;  in  1898,  180,658.9  tons;  in  1899,  131,916.8  tons;  in  1900, 
226,546.6  tons;  in  1901,  (est.)  250,000  tons.  But  last  season's 
yield,  it  was  stated,  will  only  give  200,000  tons.  The  shipments  in 
1900  were  made  as  follows — the  point  of  shipment  indicating  the 
locality  of  production  except  in  the  case  of  San  Francisco:  San 
Francisco,  76.9  tons;  San  Jose,  4  tons;  Stockton,  5,089.9  tons; 
Sacramento,  439.5  tons  ;  Marysville,  2,666.9  tons  ;  Los  Angeles, 
133.864.8  tons;  Orange,  13,512.3  tons  ;  Riverside,  35,460.6  tons; 
San  Bernardino,  29,036  tons;  San  Diego,  6,309.3  tons,  then  90  tons 
were  shipped  by  sea. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  63 

THE  LEMON. 

California  lemons  are  amongst  the  best,  if  not  the  very  best  in  the 
world.  Like  the  orange,  the  lemon  was  introduced  by  the  Mission 
fathers  and  with  the  renaissance  of  industry  in  Southern  California 
attracted  attention.  The  California  lemon  has  one-third  more  juice 
than  its  Sicilian  rival,  its  acid  is  better,  it  has  a  thinner  skin  and  is 
noted  for  its  freedom  from  rag.  An  acre  of  lemons  will  average  a 
car  load  or  ten  tons.  The  lemon  orchards  have  an  area  of  16,408 
acres — the  yield  is  about  1378  carloads  or  463,000  boxes  a  year, 
but  of  course  only  a  small  part  of  the  trees  is  in  full  bearing.  Of  the 
tota1  crop,  San  Diego  has  28.5  per  cent,  Los  Angeles,  24.03  per 
cent;  Santa  Barbara,  11.92  per  oent  and  Riverside,  11.17  percent. 
California  lemons  have  been  kept  as  long  as  ten  months  without 
deterioration. 

The  California  citron  is  of  a  superior  grade  and  the  lime  does 
well  where  there  is  no  frost. 

NUTS 

The  State  is  well  suited  to  the  growth  of  the  various  descriptions 
of  nuts  generally  cultivated.  The  walnut  gives  large  returns  when 
planted  and  the  almond  is  in  the  market  two  or  three  months  in  ad- 
vance of  the  foreign  article.  Five-year  old  orchards  net  $100  to 
$150  an  acre.  Pecan  nuts,  the  hazel  and  the  chestnut  also  flourish. 
There  are  about  2,500,000  nut  trees  in  the  State,  of  which  about 
two-thirds  are  walnuts  and  most  of  the  other  third  almond  trees. 
During  the  past  ten  years  the  increase  in  the  yield  of  walnuts  and 
almonds  has  been  rapid.  The  yield  was  in  1891,  2,624,000  lbs.; 
in  1892,  4,011,000  lbs.;  in  1893,  3,586,000  lbs.;  in  1894,  7,930,000 
lbs.;  in  1895,  6,470,000  lbs.;  in  1896,  11,440,000  lbs.;  in  1897,  12,- 
720,000  lbs.;  in  1898,  12,200,000  lbs.;  in  1899,  15,800,000  lbs.;  in 
1900,  16,340,000  lbs.;  in  1901,  14,700,000  lbs. 

The  shipments  are  about  the  same  as  the  production  and  compar- 
atively few  are  consumed  in  the  State.  In  1900  the  shipments  by 
rail  were  made  from  the  following  points  :  San  Francisco,  669  tons; 
Oakland,  94.7  tons;  San  Jose,  55.5  tons;  Stockton,  302.5  tons; 
Sacramento,  700.9  tons;  Marysville,  318.9  tons;  Los  Angeles,  3413.8 
tons;  Orange,  924.6  tons;  San  Bernardino,  10.8  tons. 


64  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

WHEAT 

Wheat  is  the  great  agricultural  staple  of  California  and  prob- 
ably always  will  remaiu  so.  Nevertheless,  in  the  early  days  of  the 
mining  era,  we  were  obliged  to  go  to  Ohile  and  Oregon  for  flour. 
This  was  because  mining  was  a  much  more  profitable  pursuit  than 
farming.  But  all  did  not  succeed  in  the  mining  field  and  the  at- 
tention of  many  was  turned  to  agriculture,  especially  as  flour  and 
feed  brought  good  prices  and  it  became  apparent  that  the  soil  of 
California  was  of  inexhaustible  fertility.  Even  in  1852  flour  was 
quoted  in  the  Commercial  Herald  at  $8.50  to  $11.50  per  barrel.  In 
the  same  year  that  paper  estimated  100,000  acres  as  the  total  area 
devoted  to  crops  of  all  kinds,  of  which,  however,  in  the  matter  of 
grain,  barley  was  the  almost  sole  representative,  But  little  by 
little  the  home  product  was  increased  till  at  last  it  became  equal  to 
the  home  demand,  and  later  on  there  was  a  surplus  for  export  either 
as  wheat  or  flour,  which  then  found  its  principal  market  in  Eng- 
land and  her  Australian  colonies.  The  latter  have  since  become 
self-supporting  in  the  matter  of  breadstuffs  and  have  even  a  sur- 
plus, but  England  still  remains  our  principal  market  for  wheat. 
Most  of  our  surplus  is  shipped  to  Queenstown,  Ireland,  whence  it 
receives  orders  for  final  distribution  and  in  this  way  much  of  it 
reaches  all  parts  of  Europe. 

In  1856  the  wheat  crop  of  the  State  was  2,000,000  centals;  in 
1860,  3,200,000  centals;  in  1870,  10,000,000  centals;  and  in  1873, 
15,000,000  centals.  From  this  it  rapidly  increased  till  in  1880  it 
reached  its  maximum  of  30,000,000  centals,  or  1,500,000  tons. 
But  all  circumstances  were  favorable  to  the  production  of  a  large 
crop  that  year,  and  though  in  many  succeeding  years  the  acreage  has 
been  quite  as  large,  the  figures  of  1880  have  never  since  been 
equalled.  The  value  of  the  wheat  crop  of  that  year  was  forty-five 
millions  of  dollars.  In  1883  the  crop  was  20,000,000  centals;  in 
1884,  28,500,000  centals;  in  1885,  15,000,000  centals;  in  1886,  21,- 
300,000  centals;  in  1889  it  was  25,000,000  centals.  Since  then  it 
has  been  more  generally  estimated  in  tons,  and  has  varied  from 
367,071  tons  in  1889  to  973,902  tons  in  1899.     The  crop  of  1900 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  65 

was  615,654  tons,  that  of  1901, 17,500,000  centals,  or  875,000  tons. 
The  wheat  crop  by  counties  has  been  as  follows: 

Centals 

Alameda 70,000 

Alpine 3,000 

Amador, 10,000 

Butte 800,000 

Calaveras 9,000 

Colusa 1,400,000 

Contra  Costa 232,000 

Del  Norte 100 

Fresno 1,120,000 

Glenn 1,400,000 

Humboldt 22,509 

Inyo 30,000 

Kern 232,000 

Kings 125,000 

Lake 40,000 

Lassen 35,000 

Los  Angeles 160,000 

Madera 300,000 

Mendocino 60,000 

Mereed 850,000 

Modoc 72,000 

Monterey 600,000 

Napa 42,000 

Oraoge 50,000 

Placer 100,000 

Plumas 20,000 

Riverside 200,000 

Sacramento 500,000 

San  Benito 150,000 

San  Diego 56,000 

San  Joaquin 1,250,000 

San  Luis  Obispo. . .  .1,250,000 

San  Mateo 9,000 

Santa  Barbara   ....    270,000 

Santa  Clara 72,000 

Santa  Cruz 10,000 

Shasta 60,000 

Sierra 3,000 

Solano 800,000 

Sonoma 30,000 

Stanislaus 1,250,000 


66  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

Sutter 550,000 

Tehama 160,000 

Trinity 7,000 

Tulare 1,300,000 

Tuolumne 30,009 

Ventura 200,000 

Yolo 950,000 

Yuba 550,000 

The  export  trade  for  many  a  year  has  formed  the  foundation  of 
California's  export  trade  by  sea.  But  it  has  varied  greatly  accord- 
ing to  the  crop  as  also  according  to  the  consuming  capacity  of  our 
people.  That  has  increased  with  the  increase  of  population.  For 
the  harvest  year  ending  July  1st,  1857,  the  export  was  22,257  cen- 
tals. In  1858-9  it  had  dropped  to  123  centals.  This  was  the  low- 
est. For  the  harvest  year  1866-7  it  had  increased  to  3,636,190 
centals.  After  many  fluctuations  as  to  quantity,  the  exports 
reached  9,822,658  centals  in  1872-3.  It  reached  10,540,197  cen- 
tals in  1879  (calendar  year)  and  20,006,540  centals  in  1881,  just 
after  the  great  harvest  year  of  1880-1.  This  was  the  largest  quan- 
tity exported  in  any  calendar  year.  The  years  1898  and  1899 
showed  the  smallest  exports  in  twenty  years,  being  3,964,817  cen- 
tals and  3,245,434  centals  respectively.  The  exports  for  1900  were 
7,733,997  centals,  and  for  1901  9,284,940  centals. 

California  white  wheat  has  no  superior  anywhere  and  can  rarely 
be  equalled.  The  wheat  grown  in  the  great  valley  excels  in  dry- 
ness and  whiteness  of  color  and  thinness  of  skin.  That  grown  on 
the  coast  is  mostly  of  an  amber  color.  San  Luis  Obispo,  Stanislaus 
and  Monterey  counties  produce  more  milling  wheat  than  shipping. 
The  area  that  can  be  devoted  to  wheat  culture,  can,  with  irrigation 
and  proper  cultivation,  be  made  to  produce  sufficient  to  supply  the 
wants  of  the  United  States  to-day.  That  area  in  the  Sacramento 
and  San  Joaquin  Valleys  is  estimated  at  twenty  millions  of  acres. 
The  average  yield  per  acre  is  10  to  15  bushels  in  sandy  soil,  20  to 
30  bushels  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys  and  40  to  50 
bushels  in  the  river  bottoms.  The  area  for  the  past  twenty  years 
has  varied  from  2,503,000  to  3,000,000  acres.  Much,  however,  of 
what  has  been  planted  to  wheat  is  every   year   cut  for  hay,  so  that 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  67 

an   average   of  the   actual   area  sown  to  this  cereal  and  afterwards 
harvested  is  no  easy  matter. 

The  destination  of  California  wheat  exported  has  been  already 
indicated  generally.  The  following  figures  give  the  countries  to 
which  clearance  has  been  made  for  the  past  year: 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland....   7,976,609  centals 

St.  Vincent 781,925 

Peru 1 65,428 

Chile 246,047 

Spain 1 13, 699 

There  will  be  a  much  larger  market  in  the  Orient  for  our  wheat 
and  flour  than  has  ever  been  the  case  before,  especially  in  China 
and  the  Philippines,  although  Russia  will  be  a  competitor  from  her 
vast  area  of  agricultural  land  in  Siberia  and  Manchuria.  The 
market  price  of  wheat  during  the  years  when  its  culture  has  been  a 
marked  feature  of  our  agriculture  has  varied  a  great  deal,  ranging 
a3  extremes  from  80  cents  to  $2.00  per  cental.  For  the  past  year 
the  average  value  of  shipping  wheat  has  been  $1,  of  milling  $1.02|, 
but  it  has  been  lower.  These  are  the  prices  in  San  Francisco. 
Prices  in  the  country  are  somewhat  less,  and  the  fact  that  Eastern 
wheat  is  handled  in  bulk  and  California  in  sacks,  is  against  the 
farmer. 

The  construction  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  will  be  of  the  greatest 
benefit  to  the  California  farmers,  as  it  will  reduce  freight  to  a  mini- 
mum. Forty  and  fifty  shillings,  even  thirty  shillings  freight,  will 
belong  to  a  by-gone  age,  and  twenty-five  shillings  will  be  the  highest 
that  can  be  charged.  That  would  make  a  difference  of  $2.43  per 
ton  in  the  price  of  wheat,  and  with  a  million  ton  crop  would  mean 
nearly  $2,500,000  more  in  the  pockets  of  the  farmers.  The  less- 
ened importation  of  coal,  consequent  on  the  use  of  oil,  will  bring 
fewer  vessels  for  grain  chartered  here  from  Australia,  but  steamers 
of  large  tonnage  will  take  their  place  via  the  Nicaragua  Canal,  and 
before  that  via  Cape  Horn. 

FLOUR 

Ever  since  we  began  to  grow  more  than  enough  wheat  for  our  own 
consumption,  California  flour  has  been  a  factor  in  the  markets  of 
the  world.     We   commenced   bravely    enough  away  back  in  the  fif- 


68  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

ties  and  shipped  abroad  in  the  year  ending  July  1st,  1857,  36,541 
bbls.  The  next  year  there  was  little  or  none  to  ship,  and  the  total 
was  only  5,387  bbls.  But  the  trade  picked  up  again,  and  by  July 
1st,  1861,  there  was  shipped  for  the  harvest  year  197,181  bbls. 
For  the  harvest  year  1866-7  the  exports  were  465,337  bbls.  For 
the  calendar  year  1869  they  were  427,497  bbls.;  to  China  and 
Japan,  163,592  bbls.;  to  Australia,  69,109  bbls.;  to  South  Ameri- 
can countries,  70,706  bbls.;  to  Great  Britain,  26,751  bbls.;  to  New 
York,  22,976  bbls.;  to  Hawaiian  Islands,  7,743  bbls.;  and  to  Mex- 
ico, 8,718  bbls.  In  1873  the  exports  were  479,417  bbls.,  including 
245,708  bbls.  to  Great  Britain,  135,457  bbls.  to  China  and  Japan, 
11,215  bbls.  to  New  York,  etc.,  and  8,268  bbls.  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  To  South  America,  Mexico,  etc.,  the  exports  had  fallen 
off.  The  export  trade  in  flour  continued  to  increase  and  in  1882 
had  reached  959,889  bbls.  In  1884  it  was  1,246,218  bbls.— this 
being  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  trade.  For  many  years  we 
had  a  big  trade  with  Great  Britain,  but  this  gradually  fell  off  and 
it  no  longer  forms  an  appreciable  factor  in  our  flour  trade.  The 
shipments  in  1900  reached  1,190,603  bbls.,  valued  at  $3,671,963. 
Here  the  heaviest  shipments  were  to  China  and  Japan — 639,588 
bbls  to  the  former  and  92,646  bbls.  to  the  latter,  a  total  of  732,- 
234  bbls.,  or  nearly  five  fold  those  of  1873.  The  shipments  to 
Great  Britain  in  1900  were  only  49,906  bbls.;  Central  Ajnerica 
took  156,064  bbls.;  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  130,000  bbls.;  and  South 
America,  67,433  bbls.  We  shipped  12,837  bbls.  to  the  French  col- 
ony of  Tahiti  and  11,749  bbls.  to  the  United  States  of  Colombia. 
Mexico  took  14,288  bbls.  To  British  East  Indies  went  7,330  bbls. 
To  Siberia  the  quantity  fell  off  from  former  years,  being  only  4,872 
bbls.  To  British  Columbia  we  sent  873  bbls.,  and  to  Apia  687 
bbls.  To  Guam  we  sent  1,350  bbls.,  and  to  the  Philippines  barely 
3,266  bbls.,  exclusive  of  Government  shipments,  which  must  have 
amounted  to  90,000  bbls.  for  our  forces  there.  No  doubt  large 
quantities  of  flour  were  re-shipped  from  Hong  Kong  to  Manila. 
The  trade  in  1901  has  been  larger  than  that  of  the  year  preceding. 
During  the  latter  half  of  the  year  there  has  been  a  great  increase 
in  the  shipments  to  China.  Every  week  a  steamer  takes  out  10,000 
to  16,500  bbls.,  and  for  the  last  six  months  the  total  has  been  fifty 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  69 

per  cent  greater  than  in  1900.  There  has  been  quite  a  large  in- 
crease too  in  our  trade  with  Central  and  South  America.  To  the 
United  States  of  Columbia  (Panama)  it  has  nearly  doubled,  and  to 
the  Republics  of  Ecuador,  Peru  and  Chile  it  has  doubled  during 
the  last  half  of  1901  as  compared  with  1900.  To  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  the  shipments  have  been  about  the  same  as  in  1900.  Our 
direct  shipments  to  Manila  have  increased  in  tha  same  period,  but 
to  Asiatic  Russia  they  have  follen  off  altogether,  not  a  pound  being 
shipped. 

San  Francisco  used  to«  be  the  great  flour  milling  center  of  the 
State  while  the  Starr  Mills  in  the  Straits  of  Carquinez  were  an- 
other, but  the  glory  of  both  has  departed  and  now  Stockton  is  the 
center. 

BARLEY. 

Barley  for  feed  was  one  of  the  most  important  articles  of  com- 
merce in  early  California  and  it  was  largely  imported.  It  was  one 
of  the  first  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  farmer  though  it  never 
reached  the  importance  of  wheat.  Now  California  produces  more 
than  any  other  State  in  the  Union  and  indeed,  one-fourth  of  the 
total  product  of  the  United  States,  but  it  sometimes  reaches  to  one- 
third  instead.  There  is  no  finer  barley  grown  in  the  world,  the  soil 
and  climate  being  especially  favorable  to  it.  The  average  yield  is 
30  to  35  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  principal  producers  of  barley  are 
San  Joaquin  County,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Tulare  and  then  Merced, 
then  Orange.  The  crop  varies  according  to  the  year — dry  or 
with  sufficient  rainfall,  but  it  runs  from  250,000  to  450,000  tons. 
The  two  largest  years  of  production  have  been  1899  and  1901.  Of 
the  total  production  about  one-half  is  consumed  in  the  State  in  good 
years  like  1901  for  instance.  The  home  consumption  is  about  254,- 
000  tons. 

Our  brewing  and  Chevalier  barley  commands  the  highest  price  in 
the  markets  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  Chevalier  is 
the  favorite  variety  in  the  Bay  and  Coast  section  of  the  State  and 
commands  the  highest  prices;  the  ordinary  bearded  barley  is  pre- 
ferred in  other  sections.  A  good  deal  of  barley  in  the  State  is  every 
year  cut  for  hay.     The  export  trade  has  been  gradually  increasing 


70  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

and  during  a  part  of  1901  we  shipped  more  barley  than  wheat. 
Great  Britain  is  our  principal  customer.  The  exports  grew  gradu- 
ally from  66,368  ctls.  in  1856-7  to  349,990  ctls.  in  1865-6.  In  the 
calendar  year  1887  they  reached  1,027,803  ctls.  and  in  1896, 
3,873,005  ctls.  The  exports  in  1900  were  2,498,494  ctls.;  in  1901 
they  were  the  largest  of  all — 4,114,782  ctls.  During  the  year  several 
cargoes  cleared  from  this  port  for  St.  Vincent.  The  total  yield  of 
1901  was  distributed  about  as  follows: 

Centals 

Alameda 210,000 

Amador 60,000 

CalaveraB 20,000 

Colusa 134,000 

Contra  Costa 280,000 

Del  Norte 500 

Fresno 287,000 

Glenn 265,000 

Humboldt 58,800 

Inyo 3,000 

Kern 130,000 

Kings 40,000 

Lake 20,000 

Lassen 12,000 

Los  Angeles 250,000 

Madera 200,000 

Mendocino 108,000 

Merced 500,000 

Modoc 100,000 

Monterey 460, 000 

Napa 24,000 

Nevada 5,000 

Orange 500,000 

Placer 40,000 

Plumas 40,000 

Riverside 400,000 

Sacramento 170,000 

San  Benito 100,000 

San  Diego 33,000 

San  Joaquin 1 ,000, 000 

San  Luis  Obispo. .    1,000,000 

San  Mateo 40,000 

Santa  Barbara . . .        540,000 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  71 

Santa  Clara 73,000 

Santa  Cruz 20,000 

ShaBta 12,000 

Sierra 40,000 

Solano 500,000 

Sonoma 30,000 

Stanislaus 480,000 

Sutter 100,000 

Tehama 200,000 

Trinity 700 

Tulare 685,000 

Tuolumne 300,000 

Ventura 263,000 

Yolo 120,000 

Yuba 100,000 

OATS. 

There  is  a  large  area  of  the  State  well  suited  to  the  cultivation  of 
this  cereal,  especially  in  the  Northern  and  Coast  sections.  The 
quality  of  the  cereal  raised  is  excellent.  The  cultivation  is  increas- 
ing, especially  in  the  northern  counties.  The  weight  is  greater 
than  that  of  the  Eastern  oats.  The  area  sown  is  about  60,000  acres 
and  the  product  700,000  ctls.  in  1900  and  about  the  same  in  1901. 
The  production  by  counties  was  as  follows  : 

Centals 

Alameda 2,000 

Alpine 800 

Amador 3,200 

Butte 3,500 

Calaveras 2,000 

Colusa 3,200 

Contra  Costa 1 8, 400 

Del  Norte 8,000 

Fresno 8,000 

Glenn 1,200 

Humboldt 168,000 

Inyo 8,000 

Lake 6,000 

Lassen 4,000 

Los  Angele .  s . . . .  21 ,  600 

Marin' 4,800 

Mendocino 80,000 


72  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Modoc 2,000 

Monterey 112,000 

Napa 24,000 

Nevada 4,800 

Placer 12,000 

Plumas 32,000 

Sacramento 1 60, 000 

San  Benito 13,000 

San  Diego 20,000 

San  Joaquin 1,600 

San  Luis  Obispo.  80,000 

San  Mateo 24,000 

Santa  Barbara...  111,600 

Santa  Clara 600 

Santa  Cruz 80,000 

Shasta 2,400 

Sierra 8,000 

Sonoma 64,000 

Stanislaus 500 

Sutter 8,000 

Tehama 16,000 

Trinity 1,600 

Tulare 3,200 

Tuolumne 3,200 

Ventura 8,000 

Yuba 16,000 

The  market  price  here  is  generally  $1.00  to  $1.47|,  according  to 
quality. 

CORN. 

The  southern  counties  of  the  State  are  well  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  this  cereal,  but  the  production  is  very  limited.  There  is  some 
grown  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley.  Egyptian  corn  is  sown  when 
the  barley  crop  is  reaped  and  is  harvested  by  the  time  the  farmer 
is  ready  for  barley  again.  From  60  to  125  bushels  of  Indian  corn 
are  raised  to  the  acre.  During  the  past  two  years,  we  have  raised 
very  little  corn,  most  of  our  supplies  coming  from  the  East.  When 
there  is  a  good  crop  we  find  a  market  for  our  surplus  in  Mexico  and 
Central  America.  The  area  under  crop  at  last  report  was  45,500 
acres  the  production  663,040  ctls.  The  several  counties  contri- 
buted as  follows : 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  73 

Centals 

Alameda 4,200 

Amador 21,000 

Butte 30,000 

Calaveras 700 

Colusa 16,800 

Contra  Costa 22,400 

Del  Norte 1,(00 

Fresno 4,200 

Glenn 4,200 

Humboldt 22,400 

Inyo 33,600 

Kern 1,500 

Lake 10,000 

Lassen 56 

Los  Angeles 33,600 

Mendocino 3,000 

Monterey 3,000 

Napa 47,000 

Orange 58,000 

Placer 5,000 

Sacramento 2.',  400 

San  Benito 8,400 

San  Diego 9,800 

San  Jorquin 1,000 

San  Luis  Obispo.  6,600 

San  Mateo 11,200 

Santa  Barbara. . .  20,000 

Santa  Clara 4,200 

Santa  Cruz 25,000 

Shasta 1,000 

Sonoma 14,000 

Stanislaus 1,200 

Sutter 1,500 

Tehama 2,800 

Trinity 1,500 

Tulare 8,900 

Tuolumne 660 

Ventura 20,000 

Yolo 20,000 

Yuba 1,000 

The  price  in  San  Francisco  varied  in  1901   from  $1.00  to  $1.40 
per  cental. 


74  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

RYE. 

We  raise  220,000  to  250,000  centals  of  rye  from  about  40,000 
acres,  most  of  it  exported  to  Antwerp  by  way  of  San  Francisco. 
The   export    movement    is    from    one    to  three   cargoes   a    year. 

The  price  in  1901  in  San  Francisco  was  from  $.72|  to  $.87|  per 
cental. 

HAY. 

California  generally  has  a  large  hay  crop,  which  is  generally  more 
remunerative  than  the  cereal  crops.  The  price  varies  very  much. 
Good  wheat  hay  sells  at  from  $6,50  to  $10.50  per  ton  and  sometimes 
the  crop  commands  $20  per  ton.  The  price  varies  as  the  product 
as  we  have  very  little  export  demand  except  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  The  area  varies  greatly  as  wheat,  barley  and  oats  are 
sometimes  cut  very  largely  for  hay,  sometimes  very  lightly.  The 
average  area  may  be  given  at  1,500,000  acres.  The  average  product 
2,250,000  tons,  including  what  has  been  sown  for  cereal  crops  and 
afterward  cut  for  hay.     The  product  in  1901  was  as  follows  : 

Tons 

Alameda 67,500 

Alpine 4,000 

Amador 35,000 

Butte 40,000 

Calaveras 22,000 

Colusa 22,000 

Contra  Costa....  130,000 

Del  Norte 31,000 

Fresno 62,000 

Glenn 24,500 

Humboldt 35,000 

Inyo 37,000 

Kern 19,500 

Kings 18,800 

Lake 16,000 

Lassen 2,C00 

Los  Angeles 60,000 

Madera 13,000 

Marin 22,000 

Mendocino 40,500 

Merced 60,000 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  75 

Modoc 60,000 

Monterey 55,000 

Napa 63,000 

Nevada 21,150 

Orange' 28,900 

Plaeer 43,000 

Plumas 25,000 

Riverside 10,000 

Sacramento 72,  £50 

San  Benito 52,000 

San  Bernardino. .  60,000 

San  Diego 45,000 

San  Joaquin 62,000 

San  Luis  Obispo.  77,000 

San  Mateo 28,000 

Santa  Barbara. . .  60,000 

Santa  Clara 66,000 

Santa  Cruz 6,300 

Shasta 21,000 

Sierra 35,000 

Siskiyou £0,000 

Salano 60,000 

Sonoma 53,000 

Stanislaus 16,500 

Sutter 18,000 

Tehama 66,000 

Trinity 22,000 

Tulare 37,250 

Tuolumne 22,000 

Ventura 28,000 

Yolo 42,000 

Yuba 40,000 

CALIFORNIA  VEGETABLES. 

This  State  is  noted  not  only  for  its  fruits  and  cereals,  but  also  for 
the  variety,  abundance  and  superior  quality  of  the  vegetables  grown 
•within  its  borders.  The  principal  description  as  regards  the  extent 
of  cultivation  are  beans,  potatoes,  onions,  tomatoes,  asparagus  and 
celery  and  not  only  do  we  supply  our  home  demand  but  we  make 
heavy  shipments  to  the  East  and  minor  shipments  to  foreign 
countries.  Owing  to  the  fertility  of  our  soil  and  our  genial 
climate,  the  vegetable  product  of  our  farms  is  superior  to  the  aver- 


76  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

age  of  that  produced  in  the  United  States.  The  shipments  of  vege- 
tables by  rail  in  1900  were  40,561.7  tons  of  whieh  10,513.1  tons 
were  from  San  Francisco,  19,925.1  tons  from  Los  Angeles,  4,355.3 
from  Sacramento,  3,204.5  from  Stockton,  606.7  from  Orange,  267.4 
from  Oakland,  214.9  from  San  Jose,  93.9  from  Marysville,  and  1380.- 
8  from  other  points.  The  shipments  of  canned  vegetables  were 
3,115.9  tons — 1956.4  tons  from  Oakland,  752.2  from  Sacramento, 
209.2  tons  fx-om  San  Francisco,  126.8  tons  from  San  Jose,  41.3 
tons  from  Los  Angeles  and  30  tons  from  Stockton.  Tbe  course  of 
the  rail  export  trade  has  been  as  follows  :  6,978.4  tons  in  1893; 
4,276.6  in  1894;  3,612.6  tons  in  1895;  1,130.6  tons  in  1896; 
4,243.8  tons  in  1897;  3,045.6  in  1898;  2,613.6  tons  in  1899;  and 
4,367.8  tons  in  1900. 

POTATOES. 

The  production  of  potatoes  in  the  State  in  1900  was  very  large 
comparatively— a  total  of  3,000,000  bushels  or  1,800,000  ctls.,  of 
which  the  greater  part  found  a  market  in  San  Francisco.  The 
acreage  was  30,000  acres.  The  principal  foreign  markets  were  the 
Philippines  and  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

ASPARAGUS. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  California  has  the  finest  asparagus  grown 
in  America.  It  is  raised  principally  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  and 
is  largely  used  for  canning.  The  growth  of  the  trade  in  canned 
asparagus  has  been  great. 

There  are  about  3,000  acres  under  asparagus  this  year  in  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  Counties,  800  acres  in  Santa  Clara  and  400 
acres  in  Alameda — altogether  4,200  acres.  The  yield  will  be  8,000 
tons,  which  will  make  225,000  cases  of  canned  asparagus,  a  notable 
increase  over  1901. 

BEANS. 

The  bean  product  of  the  State  will  average  1,150,000  sks  of  a  total 
tonnage  of  150,000,000  lbs.  of  a  value  of  $3,500,000,  principally 
raised  in  San  Luis  Obispo  and  Santa  Barbara  and  most  of  which 
are  shipped  East  The  Lima  bean  is  particularly  grown  to  perfec- 
tion and  is  esteemed  as  the  finest  in  the  world. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  77 

BEET  SUGAR. 

As  it  was  known  that  cane  sugar  could  not  be  profitably  cultivated 
in  California,  attempts  were  made  from  time  to  time  to  find  a  sub- 
stitute for  it  but  without  much  success.  Amongst  other  projects 
was  one  to  produce  sugar  from  melons  which  was  a  failure.  At- 
tempts were  made  at  beet  culture  as  early  as  1856  in  different  parts 
of  the  State  but  they  were  financially,  failures.  Nevertheless,  the 
industry  continued  to  be  prosecuted  in  Alameda  County  with  vary 
ing  success.  It  was  not,  however,  till  Claus  Spreckels,  President 
of  the  California  Sugar  Refinery,  took  the  matter  in  hand  that  any 
financial  success  was  achieved.  Mr.  Spreckels  had  previously  made 
a  great  success  in  the  business  of  sugar  refining  and  concluded  that 
after  all,  it  was  possible  to  make  a  financial  success  of  California 
made  sugar.  But  in  order  to  perfect  himself  thoroughly  in  the  bus- 
iness, he  visited  Germany  and  studied  it  there  thoroughly,  furnish- 
ing himself  at  the  same  time,  with  the  best  description  of  seed  and 
the  latest  improved  machinery.  Then  the  sugarie  at  Watsonville 
was  started  and  since  that  time  the  beet  sugar  industry  has  been  a 
success  in  this  State.  Other  capitalists  invested  their  money  and 
sugaries  were  started  at  Chino,  Alamitos,  Salinas,  etc.  The  industry 
has  grown  steadily  during  the  past  few  years  but  the  occurrence  of 
dry  years  has  prevented  it  making  as  good  a  showing  as  it  would 
otherwise  have  done.  Irrigation,  however,  will  remedy  that  and 
when  this  is  perfected  the  sugar  production  of  the  State  will  be  one 
of  the  most  important  features  of  our  agricultural  industry. 

The  area  especially  suited  for  beet  growing  in  the  State  embraces 
some  750,000  acres.  With  rotation  of  crops,  and  a  beet  crop  every 
third  year,  it  is  estimated  that  this  area  can  produce  2,500,000  tons 
of  beets  and  350,000  tons  of  sugar  annually.  And  as  the  consump- 
tion of  the  United  States  is  2,250,000  tons  per  annum  and  is 
rapidly  increasing  it  may  be  seen  that  there  is  a  never  failing  market 
for  beet  sugar  at  home.  The  annual  value  of  the  industry  to  the 
State  without  taking  any  account  of  by-products  would  be  $35,000,- 
000.  One  acre  of  beets  will  average  14  to  15  tons  which  at  $4  per 
ton  makes  returns  of  $ 56-$60  out  of  which  $30  to  $40  has  to  be 
charged  against  expenses,  leaving  a  handsome  margin  to  the  grower. 


78  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Beets  raised  in  California  have  a  higher  saccharine  value  than  those 
raised  in  Europe  or  in  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  yielding  15 
per  cent  of  sugar  when  in  other  States,  the  highest  is  13  percent. 
The  annual  yield  since  1888  hag  been  as  follows  :  1888,  1910  tons; 
1889,  2,457  tons  ;  1890,  3,351  tons;  1891,  3,074  tons;  1892,  6,887 
tons;  1893,  9,888  tons;  1894,  18,615  tons;  1895,  23,827  tons ; 
1896,  31,815  tons  ;  1897,  35,260  tons;  1898,  18,086  tons,  1899, 
42,100  tons  ;  1900,  30,319  tons  ;  1901,  80,000  tons.  Of  the  1900 
crop,  Santa  Cruz  yielded  12,500  tons;  Alameda,  4,186  tons; 
Contra  Costa  1,329  tons;  Merced,  1,896  tons. 

Besides  the  advantages  already  enumerated,  California  has  others 
in  the  production  of  beet  sugar.  The  length  of  the  season  allows 
the  beets  to  ripen  much  earlier  than  in  Europe  or  the  northern 
States  of  the  Union.  This  gives  a  much  larger  time  for  harvesting 
and  manufacturing  and  enables  a  factory  to  have  a  much  larger 
output  than  in  any  of  the  other  countries  where  the  beet  is  grown, 
The  beet  industry  as  well  as  the  cane  industry  of  the  South  and 
of  Hawaii  is  now  threatened  by  the  proposed  reduction  of  duties  on 
Cuban  sugar.  It  is  claimed  that  this  is  necessary  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  Cuban  State.  That  this  is  not  so  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
previous  to  the  Cuban  insurrection  the  planters  paid  our  tariff  du- 
ties and  a  heavy  internal  revenue  to  Spain,  and  were  sufficiently 
well  off  to  come  to  the  United  States,  where  they  were  liberal 
spenders.  In  1895,  the  year  before  the  insurrection,  we  imported 
1,100,000  tons  of  sugar  from  Cuba,  but  the  importations  fell  off  till 
our  importations  were  only  280,000  tons.  They  had,  in  1901,  risen 
to  800,000  tons,  which  shows  that  with  the  tariff  the  business  is 
still  profitable.  Here  in  California  the  industry  is  in  its  infancy. 
But  even  with  this,  we  are  spending  as  much  for  labor  as  they  are 
in  Cuba  for  their  whole  output,  and  one  factory  alone  spent  $200,- 
000  for  fuel  in  a  year.  For  every  ton  of  foreign  sugar  imported 
there  is  spent  in  the  United  States  $6.50;  for  every  ton  of  domestic 
sugar,  $65  to  $75.  Our  sugar  lands  require  cultivation  every  time 
we  raise  a  crop,  but  in  Cuba  the  only  tillage  needed  for  years  is  a 
little  harrowing  in  the  Spring. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  79 

OUR  MANUFACTURES. 

Although  California  has  not  held  the  position  in  the  industrial 
field  to  which  we  deem  her  entitled,  she  nevertheless  is,  in  the 
amount  manufactured  per  capita,  ahead  of  most  of  the  states, 
though  in  this  respect  falling  behind  the  New  England  and  the 
Middle  States.  The  total  for  the  State  in  1890  was  $213,403,996; 
in  1880,  8116,218,973,  showing  ten  years  of  unusual  activity,  the 
total  having  nearly  doubled  in  that  time.  The  ten  years  ending 
with  1900  were  not  nearly  so  prosperous  for  the  Stite,  and  our  man- 
ufacturers had  to  stand  the  strain  of  an  unusual  Eastern  competi- 
tion. Hence,  the  increase  was  comparatively  small,  while  in  some 
cases  there  was  a  falling  off,  The  total  for  1900  was  $302,874,761, 
This,  however,  shows  an  increase  of  42  per  cent. 

The  manufacturing  industry  of  San  Francisco  in  1890  was  given 
as  having  a  value  of  $135,625,754,  an  increase  from  1890  as  great 
as  that  of  the  State  itself.  But  from  causes  already  referred  to,  it 
not  only  did  not  increase,  but  retrograded  in  the  ten  years  between 
1890  and  1900,  the  figure  of  the  census  in  the  latter  year  being 
$133,069,416.  There  were  in  1900  4,032  establishments;  in  1890, 
4,059;  hands  employed,  1900,  41,988;  in  1890,  48,446;  wages  paid 
in  1900,  $22,037,027;  in  1890,  $30,979,374;  material  used,  1900, 
$79,492,952;  in  1890,  $78,656,470;  capital,  1900,  $80,103,367;  in 
1890,  $74,834,301.  The  increase  in  the  capital  and  in  value  of  ma- 
terial suggests  increased  competition  and  cost  of  materials,  and 
part  of  the  falling  off  in  value  must  be  attributed  to  sales  at  lower 
prices.  These  figures  include  baker's  bread  and  butcher's  meat,  car- 
pentering, blacksmithing,  etc.,  which,  though  they  may  be  classed 
as  industries,  are  not  generally  placed  under  the  head  of  manufac- 
tures. Without  these,  the  product  of  the  manufactures  for  1900 
in  San  Francisco  may  be  placed  at  $110,000,000.  The  strike  low- 
ered this  in  1901,  and  the  product  of  the  manufacturing  industry 
cannot  be  placed  at  any  figure  above  $105,000,000  when  the  whole 
year  is  taken  into  consideration.  The  value  of  the  various  indus- 
tries in  1900  may  be  given  as  follows  : 

Bags $      650,000 

Barrels  and  Cooperage 700,000 

Beer 3,000,000 


80  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

Bookbinding,  etc 2,000,000 

Boots  and  Shoes 3,000,000 

Brass  Founding,  etc 800, 000 

Carriage  and  Wagon  manuf're... .  350,000 

Coffee  and  Spice,  ground,  etc 3,000,000 

Cigars,  etc 1,750,000 

Chemical  Works,  etc 1,500,000 

Biscuit  and  Cracker  Bakeries....  1,500,000 

Candy 700,000 

Cordage.  700,0^0 

Cloaks,  etc 500,000 

Clothing,  Men's 2,500,000 

Electric  Lighting,  etc 2,000,000 

Electric  Goods 550,000 

Foundries,   machine    shops    and 

other  iron  work 7,565,000 

Flour  of  Wheat 510.0C0 

Other  Mill  Stuffs 1,000,000 

Fruits,  etc.,  Canned 3,000,000 

Gat  and  Electric  Products 3,000,000 

Glassworks 1 ,300,CO0 

Fertilizers 400,000 

Gloves. 500,000 

Hats 4 1 0, 000 

Jewelry 800,000 

Lead  and  Paints 1 ,075,000 

Leather,  etc 1,150,000 

Malt 51 2,000 

Millinery 1,000,000 

Provisions 2, 500.0CO 

Printing,  Newspapers,  Book,  Job, 

etc 7,000,000 

Rubber  Goods 1 ,000,000 

Saddlery,  etc   500,000 

Saw  and  Planing  Mills,  etc 1,300,000 

Lumber  used  in  Building,  etc. . . .  2,750,000 
Shirts,    Underwear,     Men's    and 

Women's 2,000,000 

Ship  Building 3,500,000 

Soap  and  Candles   525,000 

Sugar  and  Syrup 17,fO0,CO0 

Tinware,   etc    1,500,000 

Woolen  Goods,  (Textile) 250,000 

Women's  Clothing S.OOO.f  00 

Wool  Scouring 2,OCO,000 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  81 

There  are  altogether  1817  establishments  here  represented  em- 
ploying 31,029  men,  women  and  children,  including  3,225  Chinese. 
This  makes  a  very  good  exhibits  for  San  Francisco  when  the  dullness 
of  many  years  during  the  decade  is  considered.  In  the  above  list  of 
industries  only  those  with  an  annual  production  of  $250,000  and 
over  are  included. 

CALIFORNIA  IRON  INDUSTRIES. 

The  iron  industries  of  California  had  their  genesis  in  a  forge  es- 
tablished on  the  shore  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  on  the  other  side  of 
Market  street  in  this  city  in  1849,  by  Peter  Donohue.  That  busi- 
ness grew  till  at  last  it  developed  into  the  Union  Iron  Works,  with 
its  great  foundry  and  shipbuilding  yards.  The  manufacture  of  min- 
ing machinery  was  the  specialty  of  San  Francisco.  Gradually  other 
branches  were  added  till  the  iron  industry  of  the  city  became  what 
it  is  to-day.  It  spread  to  Sacramento,  Oakland,  Los  Angeles,  Stock- 
ton, Benicia,  San  Leandro  and  other  places,  but  the  bulk  of  the 
business  is  done  in  this  city.  Stockton  is  the  great  center  of  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  Benicia  of  plows,  etc.,  and 
Sacramento  has  the  rolling  mills  and  repair  shops  of  the  Southern 
Pacific,  etc. 

San  Francisco,  outside  of  the  steel  ship  building  business,  has 
iron  and  steel  industries  that  total  up  $7,565,000  in  value  in  an  or- 
dinary year.  Such  was  the  case  in  1900,  but  the  great  strike 
which  began  May  20th  cut  down  the  business  of  the  year  materi- 
ally, and  the  value  of  last  year's  production  cannot  be  placed  at  a 
figure  in  excess  of  five  million  dollars.  The  principal  departments 
of  the  iron  trade  in  San  Francisco  are  the  manufacture  of  mining 
machinery,street  car  cables, wire  rope,  casting',  boilers,  saws  and  other 
tools,  gasoline  engines,  stoves,  structural  iron,  pumps  and  pumping 
machines,  irrigating  machinery,  sheet  iron  pipe,  bolts  and  nuts,  wire 
goods. 

San  Francisco  and  her  sister  cities  make  the  best  mining  machin- 
ery in  the  world.  It  ia  in  demand  in  Mexico,  Central  America, 
Peru,  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  China,  Korea,  Asiatic  Russia, 
British  Columbia,  Alaska  and  the  Northwest   Territory,  etc.     We 


82  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

have  shipped  boilers  to  Asiatic  Russia.  They  are  better  than  those 
made  elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  Our  agricultural  machinery 
has  found  a  market  in  Mexico,  Central  America  and  in  the  Orient. 
Our  saws  are  preferred  in  the  Orient.  Our  water  pipe  and  pumping 
and  irrigating  machinery  finds  a  market  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
and  in  Mexico  and  Central  America  as  well.  There  has  been  quite 
a  demand  for  our  gasoline  engines  in  Australia.  The  gasoline  en- 
gine was  invented  by  a  San  Franciscan,  and  was  first  manufactured 
here.  There  has  been  an  export  demand  for  our  stoves,  but  they 
principally  go  to  supply  the  home  trade. 

STEEL  CABLES  AND  WIRE  ROPE. 

It  is  now  thirty  years  since  wire  was  first  manufactured  in  San 
Francisco.  The  business  in  that  and  cables  used  in  the  mines  was 
carried  on  by  A.  S.  Hallidie,  the  inventor  of  the  street  car  cable 
system.  That  has,  in  our  day,  expanded  into  an  immense  industry — 
the  manufacture  of  cables  of  all  kinds,  which  forms  a  part  of  the 
business  of  the  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company.  Cables  are 
made  for  all  parts  of  the  coast  and  of  all  descriptions,  from  the 
smallest  sizes  to  the  great  ocean  cables  that  join  continent  to 
continent. 

THE  POWDER  INDUSTRY. 

The  manufacture  of  powder  and  explosives  on  this  coast  has  been 
a  most  successful  one.  It  began  at  the  organization  of  the  Califor- 
nia Powder  Works  in  1862.  Then  followed  the  Giant,  the  Judson, 
the  Vigorit,  etc.  These  manufacture  the  various  descriptions  of  dy- 
namite, to  which  the  California  adds  cannon,  smokeless,  black  pow- 
der and  sporting.  The  dynamite  is  all  made  in  Contra  Costa  county. 
The  California  Powder  Works  have  established  a  regular  town — 
Hercules — with  a  population  of  about  five  hundred.  The  produc- 
tion of  dynamite  runs  from  2,500,000  to  3,000,000  lbs.  a  month— 
33,000,000  lbs.  in  1901  valued  at  $3,600,000.  In  Santa  Cruz  County 
the  manufacture  of  black  and  sporting  powder  has  been  carried  on 
since  1862.  Here  are  also  manufactured  the  celebrated  smokeless 
and  brown  prismatic  powder  for  the  U.  S.  Government.     During 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  83 

the  war  with  Spain,  California  led  America  and  the  world  in  their 
manufacture.  There  is  a  big  export  demand  for  our  explosives  all 
over  the  Pacific  Coast  and  islands,  especially  in  Mexico  and  Central 
America.  Not  a  pound  of  Eastern  dynamite  is  sold  on  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

Outside  of  the  strike,  the  prospects  of  our  manufactures  were 
never  better  than  they  were  in  1901.  Eastern  capital  has  come  to 
the  aid  of  local  capital,  labor  troubles  are  being  gradually  adjusted, 
and  of  more  importance  than  all  else  besides,  the  fuel  question  has 
been  solved  for  good.  All  the  leading  industries  of  the  city  and 
State  have  started  in  to  use  oil  instead  of  coal,  making  the  price  of 
the  equivalent  of  one  ton  of  coal  $3.35,  nearly.  This  places  us  at 
once  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  manufacturer  of  the  East.  We 
have  fuel,  oapital,  labor  that  can  perform  more  work  in  a  given  time 
than  the  labor  of  the  East,  on  account  of  our  more  equable  climate 
and  a  market  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  that  takes  in  one-third  of 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth — a  market  that  includes  five  hun- 
dred millions  of  people. 

THE  WEALTH   OF  CALIFORNIA. 

For  her  population,  California  holds  a  distinguished  rank  in  the 
list  of  States.  In  1890  the  total  wealth  of  the  State  was  $2,533,- 
733,627,  or  $2  000  per  capita,  nearly,  as  against  $1,038  per  capita 
for  the  whole  of  the  United  States.  Then  we  were  the  sixth  on 
the  list,  although  in  respect  to  population  we  were  only  the  twenty- 
second.  The  assessed  value  of  real  and  personal  property  in  1890 
was  $1,101,136,431,  or  about  44  per  cent  of  the  true  valuation 
The  assessed  value  of  property  in  1901  was  $1,241,705,803,  which 
would  give  the  true  value  about  $2,820,000,000  for  the  same  year. 
The  assessment  by  counties  was  as  follows  : 

Alameda 89,771,005 

Alpine 300,828 

Amador 4,641,489 

Butte 13,879,046 

Calaveras 5,434,379 

Colusa 11,812,546 

Contra  Costa 17,079,931 


84  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Del  Norte.   2,048,444 

EI  Dorado 4,039,566 

Fresno 30,770,729 

Glenn 10,007,218 

Humboldt 18,099,949 

Inyo 1,885,336 

Kern 21,129,890 

Kings 7,565,903 

Lake 3,178,460 

Lassen 3,499,650 

Los  Angeles 103,328,964 

Madera 6,289,942 

Marin 12,108,904 

Mariposa 2,096,587 

Mendocino 10,660,254 

Merced 13,657,777 

Modoc 3,003,805 

Mono 1,137,276 

Monterey 18,016,456 

Napa 11,765,301 

Nevada 7,0  6,340 

Orange 11,245,544 

Placer 9,097,657 

Plumas 2,093,004 

Riverside   12.24S.709 

Sacramento 34,346,017 

San  Benito 6,018,740 

San  Bernardino..    16,416,149 

San  Diego 19,961,959 

San  Francisco... 413, 388,420 

San  Joaquin 32,023,372 

San  Luis  Obispo.   12,313,984 

San  Mateo 14,484,957 

Santa  Barbara...   13,969,868 

Santa  Clara 51,920,963 

Santa  Cruz 11,222,967 

Shasta 9,362,304 

Sierra 1,529,604 

Siskiyou 8,991,828 

Solano 17,524,117 

Sonoma 26,003,179 

Stanislaus 12,037,410 

Sutter 6,364,459 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  85 

Tehama 10,910,679 

Trinity 1,567,998 

Tulare 15,794,307 

Tuolumne 6,424,670 

Ventura 8,658,243 

Yolo 16,034,346 

Yuba 5,464,434 


Total 1,241,705,803 


SHIPBUILDING. 


The  abundance  of  lumber  on  the  Coast  suitable  for  shipbuilding 
caused  the  industry  to  exibt  on  a  small  scale  from  a  very  early  day. 
Large  wooden  vessels  of  1,000  tons  were  built  about  20  years  ago  at 
a  cost  equal  to  $40  per  ton.  San  Francisco  and  Humboldt  Bays  be- 
came the  center  of  the  business  and  have  so  continued.  The  man- 
agers of  the  Union  Iron  Works  of  this  city  were  the  first  to  intro- 
duce steel  ship  building  in  this  city  at  a  time  when  the  attempt 
seemed  vain  and  impracticable.  But  they  kept  on  and  not  only  tri- 
umphed over  every  obstacle  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  have  turned  out 
the  best  and  swiftest  war  vessels  in  the  United  States  Navy.  The 
cruiser,  "  Charleston  "  was  the  first  vessel  built  for  the  Government 
on  this  Coast.  The  "San  Francisco,''  a  cruiser  of  4,000  tons  dis- 
placement was  the  second.  She  exceeded  her  contract  requirement 
by  three-quarters  of  a  knot.  The  "  Monterey  "  a  double-turreted 
monitor  of  14  knots,  the  greatest  speed  hitherto  reached  soon  fol- 
lowed. She  was  the  first  monitor  to  cross  a  great  ocean.  Then 
came  the  "  Olympia  "  with  a  speed  If  knots  greater  than  the  official 
requirement — a  better  ship  than  either  the  "Columbia"  or  the  Minne- 
apolis "and  costing  a  million  dollars  less.  She  was  Dewey's  flag- 
ship at  Manila  and  shares  in  the  glory  of  the  victory.  The  battle 
ship  "Oregon"  making  17.79  knots  doubled  Cape  Horn  and  helped 
in  no  small  degree  to  win  the  day  at  Santiago.  The  gunboats 
"Wheeling"  and  "Mariette"  and  the  torpedo  boat  "  Farragut  " 
followed  in  swift  succession.  The  latter  has  a  record  of  31  i  knots 
and  is  the  fastest  vessel  in  the  American  Navy.  The  "  Wisconsin  " 
and  the  "  Ohio,"  at  the  launching  of  the  latter  of  which,  the  martyr 
President  William  McKinley  attended,  are  amongst  the  latest  tri- 


86  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

umphs  of  the  ship  builders'  art.  The  collier  "Arago"  and  the 
steamer  "  Pomona "  were  the  first  steel  vessels  built  at  this  port. 
The  "Senator"  and  the  "  St.  Paul "  were  also  built  here  as  was  the 
ocean  steamer  "  Peru  "  and  the  "  California  "  with  11,800  tons  dis- 
placement. The  "Alaskan"  and  the  "Arizona"  with  16,500  tons 
each  will  be  the  largest  vessels  built  in  the  United  States  up  to  the 
present.  There  are  now  two  other  steel  ship  building  firms — the 
Risdon  and  the  Fulton  that  employ,  when  in  full  blast,  upwards  of 
4,000  men  in  shipbuilding  alone  and  turn  out  a  product  valued 
yearly  at  over  three  millions  of  dollars. 

The  value  of  the  ships  built  at  the  Union  Iron  Works  since  1883 
has  been  $43,000,000,  of  this  vast  sum,  one-half  has  gone  to  labor. 
The  profits  have  about  equalled  6  per  cent  on  the  capital  invested. 

Shipbuilding  in  1901. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  vessels  built  on  the  Pacific  Coast  during 
the  year  1901,  and  which  were  documented  at  San  Francisco  : 

— Tonnage — 
Steamers —                    At —  Gross.     Net. 

Hanalei Alameda 666        502 

Acme Alameda 416  269 

Geo.  F.   Haller Alameda 139  81 

Sea  Prince San  Francisco 58  27 

Tyonic San  Francisco 59  36 

Dude Stockton 41  39 

Chilkat San  Francisco 172  98 

Alitak Alameda 115  72 

Tamalpaia San  Francisco 1,554  937 

Newtown Benicia 77  64 

Kayak Alameda 115  73 

Arctic Bay  City,  Or 392  277 

Warrior Wilmington 122  83 

Gualala Alameda 225  158 

Valletta Benicia 419  368 

Martha  Jane Saoramento 50  45 

Mohawk San  Francisco 18  6 

Ugak Alameda 22  12 

Oneida San  Francisco 21  7 

Tojiak San  Francisco 21  8 

Ugashik San  Francisco 21  8 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  87 

Hilda San  Francisco  18  6 

Quinnat San  Francisco 31  14 

Alma Rio  Vista 11  10 

Governor  M.  B.  M.San  Francisco 14  10 

Fox San  Francisco 20  13 

Elaine San  Francisco 14  9 

Union Belvedere 13  9 

BolinaB Alameda 23  16 

Total  tonnage 4,867  3,253 

Barkentines —              At —                            Cros^.  Net. 

Amaranth Beuicia 1,109  1,062 

Lahaina Oakland 1,067  994 

Total  tonnage 2, 176  2,056 

Schooners —                     At —                      Gross.  Net. 

W.  J.  Patterson..  .Aberdeen,  Wash 645  569 

James  Sennett Marshfield,  Or 766  692 

Solano., Benicia 7?8  692 

Mindoro .«  .Alameda 679  642 

Kona Alameda 679  642 

W.  H.  Marston. .  .San  Francisco 1,169  1,110 

Alvena. Fairhaven 772  687 

G.  W.  McNear. . , .  San  Francisco 99  88 

Crockett San  Francisco 62  56 

H.  Eppinger San  Francisco 96  89 

Otelia  Pedersen . . .  Everett,  Wash 789  678 

Samar Alameda 710  673 

David  Evans Marshfield,  Or 821  748 

Onward Parkersburg,  Or 276  255 

Theodore  Roosevelt  San  Francisco 62  51 

Wempe  Bros Aberdeen,  Wash f  81  695 

Katata San  Francisco 12  9 

Helen .Sausalito 15  9 

Shell Alviso 16  13 

Total  tonnage 9,077  8,308 

The  foregoing,  summarized,  is  as  follows: 
Rig—  No. 

Steamers 29 

Barkentines 2 

Schooners 19 

Totals 60          16,120  13,622 


Gross 

Net. 

4,867 

3,258 

2,176 

2,056 

9,077 

8,208 

88  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

The  builders  of  the  foregoing  vessels  were  as  follows : 

Union  Iron  Works — Side-wheel  steamer  Tamalpais  for  North  Pacific  Coast 
Railroad. 

Risdon  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works — Screw  steamers  Geo.  F.  Haller  and 
Sea  Prince. 

Fulton  Engineering  and  Shipbuilding  Works — Screw  steamer  Chilkat. 

United  Engineering  Works — Screw  steamers  Alitak,  Kayak  and  Mohawk. 

Matthew  Turner — Barkentine  Amaranth,  schooner  Solano  and  side-wheel 
steamer  Newtown. 

Alex  Hay — Screw  steamer  Hanalei  and  schooners  Mindoro,  Kona  and 
Samar. 

John  W.  Dickie — Screw  steamers  Acme  and  Gualala. 

E.  Munder — Schooners  Crockett  and  H.  Eppinger. 

R.  W.  Schultzer — Screw  steamers  Tyonic  and  Fox. 

E.  H.  Jarvis — Stern-wheel  steamer  Dude. 
W.  A.  Boole  Jr. — Barkentine  Lahaina. 

W.  F.  Stone — Schooner  W.  H.  Marston  and  steamer  Elaine. 

W.  Anderson — Schooner  G.  W.  McNear. 

W.  D.  Delaney — Stern-wheel  steamer  Valletta. 

William  Muller — Screw  steamer  Warrior. 

J.  E.  Hicks— Side-wheel  steamer  Martha  Jane. 

Henry  Schroeder— Schooner  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

John  F.  Twigg — Schooner  Katata. 

J.  C.  Beetle — Screw  steamer  Ugak. 

J.  R.  Christy — Screw  steamers  Oueida,  Hilda  and  Quinnat. 

George  W.  Kneas» — Screw  Steamers  Togiak  and  Ugashik. 

John  A.  Lockhart— Schooner  He!en. 

F.  C.  Lauritzen — Sida-wheel  steamer  Alma. 
A.  Swanson— Screw  steamer  Union. 
Oliver  Orthy — Schooner  Shell. 

Charles  Moebus — Screw  steamer  Bolinas. 

The  Custom  House  records  omit  the  names  of  documented  vessels  built  in 
Oregon  and  Washington,  also  of  the  gasoline  steamer  Governor  M.  B.  M. , 
which  was  built  here. 

In  1900  there  were  51  new  vessels  documented  at  San  Francisco,  aggregat- 
ing 29,221  tons  gross,  or  22,779  tons  net  tonnage. 

In  each  year  there  are  quite  a  number  of  vessels  built  on  the  Coast  and 
which  are  not  recorded  or  documenttd  there. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  89 

THE  LEATHER  INDUSTRY. 

The  leather  industry  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful in  California.  It  dates  back  to  the  days  of  the  Missions  but 
its  development  is  a  result  of  the  application  of  American  capital, 
labor  and  intelligence.  The  tanneries  of  the  State  are  abreast  of 
any  other  in  the  world  and  the  latest  scientific  appliances  are  made 
use  of  in  them.  We  produce  sole,  harness,  belting,  skirting  and 
fancy  leather,  and  for  quality  we  are  unoqualled.  The  oak  bark  of 
the  State  is  the  best  bark  for  tanning  in  the  known  world  and  both 
it  and  extract  of  bark  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities  to 
Japan.  It  is  this  that  makes  our  sole  leather  take  the  lead  in  every 
Eastern  market.  Most  of  the  leather  manufactured  in  the  State  is 
produced  outside  of  San  Francisco,  in  Napa,  Sonoma  and  Santa 
Cruz  Counties.  Of  the  whole,  which  amounts  in  round  numbers  to 
32,000.000  lbs.  valued  at  $8,000,000,  about  75  per  cent  is  shipped 
East  or  exported  by  sea  to  Japan,  Australia,  etc.,  principally  to 
Japan,  which  takes  500,000  to  600,000  lbs.  a  year. 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

The  imports  of  boots  and  shoes  from  the  East  to  San  Francisco 
and  this  State  are  and  have  been  very  large — at  present  about  1,500,- 
000  pairs  a  year,  valued  at  $3,000,000.  The  home  manufacture  is 
somewhat  ahead  of  this  as  the  value  of  the  industry  in  San  Fran- 
cisco alone  is  about  §3,000,000  a  year.  We  export  largely,  especially 
to  Australia,  which  takes  about  §150,003  a  year.  San  Francisco  is 
naturally  a  great  center  of  this  trade  as  we  have  not  only  our  own 
supplies  of  hides  for  making  leather  but  import  largely  from  Oregon 
and  Washington,  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico 
Australia  and  other  countries. 

CALIFORNIA  WINE. 

California  may  justly  claim  to  be  ])ar  excellence,  the  wine  country 
of  America,  the  France  of  the  New  Continent.  The  vine,  the  ordi- 
nary Mission  variety,  was  introduced  from  Spain  by  the  Mission 
fathers  before  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  But  the  indus- 
try of  wine  making  made  small  progress  until  the  gold  seekers  be 


90  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

gan  to  turn  their  attention  to  other  pursuits  and  naturally  enough, 
wine  making  was  one  of  the  first  to  be  taken  hold  of.  It  did  not 
however,  make  any  great  headway  till  in  the  eighties,  when  the  pro- 
duction increased  so  much  as  to  flood  the  market  and  prices,  as  a 
natural  consequence,  declined.  Indeed,  the  decline  was  so  serious 
that  coupled  with  the  ravages  of  the  phylloxera,  it  was  the  cause  of 
many  abandoning  the  industry  altogether.  But  times  have  changed 
and  prices  have  advanced  heavily  during  the  past  couple  of  years. 
And  now  the  vineyards  of  the  State  pay  well  on  the  investment, 
The  very  best  varieties  of  European  grapes  are  grown  in  the  State. 
A  commission  appointed  by  the  Legislature  went  to  Europe  and 
through  them  the  very  best  description  of  vines  were  introduced. 
The  purity,  flavor  and  wholesomeness  of  California  wines  have  made 
them  famous.  Most  of  our  California  wines  are  sold  in  the  United 
States,  but  there  is  hardly  a  country  in  the  world  in  which  they  are 
not  found.  Our  shipments  are  especially  large  to  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  England.  "We  ship  to  Germany,  too.  Our  trade 
with  the  Orient  is  largely  increasing.  The  product  for  a  series  of 
years  has  been  as  follows  : 

1892 15,000,000 

1893 22,700,000 

1894 16,000,000 

1895 14,000,000 

1896 13,500,000 

1897 34,000,000 

1898 18,529,000 

1899 23,433,000 

1900 23,677,000 

1901 19,000,000 

This  has  grown  from  a  production  in  1880  of  3,000,000  gallons. 
The  consumption  of  the  coast  is  estimated  at  6,000,000  gallons  a 
year.  Quite  a  large  proportion  of  the  vintage  is  made  into  brandy. 
Most  of  our  wines  are  shipped  overland  by  rail.  The  shipments  by 
sea  range  from  five  to  six  millions  of  gallons  annually,  most  of  it  to 
New  York.  The  shipments  by  sea  in  1900  were  as  follows  :  New 
York,  etc.,  4,803,238  gals.,  69  cs.;  Mexico,  170,452  gals.,  790  cs.; 
Central  America,  147,075  gals.,  2511  cs.;  England,  140,329  gals., 
96  cs.;  Hawaiian  Islands,  219,856  gals.,  2140  cs.;  U.  S.  Columbia, 
58,306  gals.,  10  cs.;    Tahiti,  71,006  gals.,  1  cs;    China,  91,190  gals., 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  91 

471  cs.;  Japan,  84,633  gals.,  217  cs.;  Germany,  18,753  gals.,  200 
cs.;  Manila,  14,107  gals.,  2183  cs.;  Peru,  4,231  gals.,  616  cs.; 
Ecuador,  39,465  gals.,  92  cs.;  Chile,  950  gals.,  70  cs.,  etc.;  the  total 
being  987,458  gals,  and  8289  cs. 

The  exports  by  rail  of  wine  and  brandy  have  more  than  doubled 
during  the  past  ten  years.  The  figures  may  be  given  in  gaMons  as 
follows:  1891,  9,530,000  gals.;  1892,  9,665,000  gals.;'  1893,  13,- 
241,800  gals.;  1894,  15,327,000  gals.;  1895,  16,113,600  gals.;  1896, 
15,218,000  gals.;  1897,  13,795,600  gals.;  1898,18,028,000;  1899, 
17,427,800  gals.;  1900,  18,134,600  gals. 

The  exports  of  wine  by  rail  in  1900  were  as  follows:  San  Fran- 
cisco, 5,408,740  gals.;  Sacramento,  2,561,680  gals.;  Stockton,  1,391,- 
420  gals.;  San  Jose,  474  180  gals.;  Marysville,  439,800  gals.;  Los 
Angeles,  163,200  gals. 

There  was  an  advance  in  the  market  price  on  account  of  the 
advance  of  grapes  in  1901.  The  price  of  the  latter  per  ton  during 
the  close  of  the  year  was  $27.50-^32.50  in  Santa  Clara;  $18-$22.50 
in  San  Joaquin  County,  and  $26-$28  in  Napa. 

CALIFORNIA  BRANDY. 

The  growth  in  the  demand  for  California  brandy  has  been  steady 
during  the  past  two  years.  Previous  to  that  time  the  sale  of  the 
article  has  been  limited  as  its  merits  were  not  generally  known.  It 
is  now,  however,  recognized  that  the  distilleries  of  the  State  supply 
a  perfectly  pure  article  and  it  is  finding  more  favor  year  by  year. 
The  production  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  general  appreciation 
accorded  to  it.  In  1892-3  it  was  2,209,117  gals.;  in  1893-4,  2,007,- 
965  gals.;  in  1894-5,  1,754,000  gals.;  in  1895-6,  2,100,000  gals.;  in 
1896-7,  1,420,000  gals.;  in  1997-8,  1,250,000  gals.;  in  1898-9, 
1,699,035  gals.;  in  1899-1900,  3,256,613  gals.:  in  1900-1,  1,850,135 
gals.  Most  of  the  brandy  manufactured  in  this  State  is  sent  by  rail 
to  New  York. 

HONEY. 

The  honey  crop  of  the  past  few  years  has  been  as  follows:  1897, 
7,878,000  lbs.;  1898,  1,800,000  lbs.;  1899,  2,822,000  lbs.;  1900, 
2,208,000  lbs.;  1901,  4,800,000  lbs. 


92  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

WOOL  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

The  State  has  been  one  of  those  famed  for  her  wool.  The  com- 
mon sheep  was  introduced  here  from  Spain  by  the  Mission  fathers. 
In  addition,  some  of  the  best  breeds  in  the  world  have  been  intro- 
duced from  time  to  time  to  improve  our  flocks.  Still  wool-growing 
and  sheep-raising  are  no  larger  than  what  they  once  were.  The 
lands  that  were  devoted  to  sheep  are  now  used  in  the  more  profit- 
able occupation  of  fruit-growing,  etc.  Hence  the  number  of  sheep 
and  the  production  of  wool  have  fallen  off  very  markedly.  The 
maximum  was  reached  in  1876,  when  it  was  56,550,970  lbs.  In 
1880  it  was  49,074,154  lbs  ;  in  1900  it  had  fallen  off  to  13,552,010 
lbs.  The  clip  of  1901  has  been  20,000,000  lbs.  There  was  a  steady 
increase  from  175,000  lbs.  in  1855  to  more  than  three  hundred 
times  the  amount  in  twenty-one  years  thereafter,  while  now  the 
annual  average  product  is  not  much  more  than  one-fourth  of  what 
it  was  in  the  year  of  the  greatest  output.  The  number  of  sheep, 
too,  has  decreased  to  about  2,000,000.  It  is  likely,  though,  that  the 
yearly  production  of  wool  in  this  State  has  anived  at  its  minimum 
and  that  sheep  husbandry  will  become  more  and  more  an  accom. 
paniment  of  small  farming.  In  the  old  days  some  men  owned 
20,000  to  40,000  sheep  and  many  made  fortunes  out  of  them.  Our 
mild  climate  is  peculiarly  favorable  to  sheep.  The  amount  of  wool 
will  average  10  lbs.  a  head,  which,  at  present  prices,  would  make 
them  range  from  70c  to  $1.50 — say  $1  all  round.  This  about  equals 
the  cost  of  caring  for  them.  In  their  sale  for  mutton,  the  profit  is 
found.     Small  herds  are  preferable — bands  of  400  to  500. 

Dunne  the  past  few  years  the  manufacture  of  blankets  and 
flannels  has  taken  on  a  new  lease  of  life.  At  one  time  it  had  an 
annual  value  of  $3,000,000.  Now  it  has  a  value  of  $1,000,000  a 
year.  The  year  1901  has  been  on  the  whole  prosperous  in  the 
industry.  Besides  the  articles  already  mentioned,  we  make  occa- 
sionally dress  goods,  but  they  have  not  been  able  to  make  much 
headway  on  account  of  the  limited  field  and  the  fact  that  people 
prefer  to  buy  cheaper  grades.  The  finest  blue  cloth  in  the  United 
States  has  been  manufactured  at  our  woolen  mills. 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  93 

DAIRY  PRODUCE. 

Dairying  in  California  began  almost  as  soon  as  the  American 
occupation — that  is,  it  started  in  as  a  business  pursuit,  but  it  had 
very  humble  beginnings.  In  the  mountain  valleys  adjacent  to  the 
mining  camps,  cows  were  kept  to  supply  these  camps  with  milk  and 
butter.  The  business  is  now  carried  on  in  the  hill  regions  adjoining 
the  coast  from  Humboldt  Bay  to  Point  Conception,  a  distance  of 
about  400  miles.  The  Eel  River  and  the  country  around  Humboldt 
Bay  is  an  ideal  country  for  the  dairyman.  In  the  interior  in  the 
Sacramento  Valley,  the  growth  of  alfalfa  sustains  a  flourishing  day 
industry  and  the  future  will  see  a  wonderful  development  in  this 
respect. 

The  production  of  butter  in  1901  has  been  as  follows: 

Tons 

Alameda 340,688 

Alpine 16,972 

Amador 259,730 

Butte 128,096 

Calaveras 166,980 

Colusa 77,100 

Contra  Costa... .  455,910 

Del  Norte 501,071 

El  Dorado 236,388 

Fresno 965,042 

Glenn 112,980 

Humboldt 3,899,421 

Inyo 121,000 

Kern 122,088 

Kings 637,000 

Lake 154,322 

Lassen 286,480 

Los  Angeles 1,273,939 

Madera 15,120 

Marin 3,761,841 

M  endocino 495, 830 

Merced 531,633 

Modoc 80,530 

Mono 22,760 

Monterey 588,730 

Napa 440,360 


91  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

Nevada 109,450 

Orange 559,590 

Placer 42,770 

Plumas 375,621 

Riverside 327,196 

Sacramento 774,697 

San  Benito 132,587 

San  Bernardino .  .  184, 728 

San  Diego 752,981 

San  Francisco...  35,000 

San  Joaquin 696,507 

San  Luis  Obispo.  1,274,096 

San  Mateo 395,816 

Santa  Barbara . . .  757, 690 

Santa  Clara 287,920 

Santa  Cruz 444,106 

Shasta 27.S40 

Sierra 205,000 

Siskiyou 378,186 

Solano 549,460 

Sonoma 3,015,327 

Stanislaus 636,403 

Sutter 422,205 

Tehama 115,270 

Tulare 443,480 

Tuolumne 244,080 

Ventura 99,360 

Yolo 667,935 

Yuba 83,530 

Total 29,730,882 

The  following  has  been  the  products  of  cheese  in  1901: 

Contra  Costa....  48,230 

Fresno 103,700 

Humboldt 27,117 

Inyo... 26,000 

Kern 18,258 

Kings 229,260 

Lake 73,033 

Los  Angeles 780,358 

Marin 332,538 

Mendocino 54,750 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  95 

Merced 24,472 

Monterey 547,650 

Napa 23,480 

Plumas 12,000 

Riverside 150,000 

Sacramento 648, 929 

San  Benito. 227,690 

San  Joaquin....  38,400 

San  Luis  Obispo.  124,963 

San  Mateo 667,368 

Santa  Barbara. . .  26,000 

Santa  Clara 568,910 

Santa  Cruz 404,101 

Sierra 1,400 

Siskiyou 65,378 

Sonoma 153,025 

Stanislaus 196,052 

Sutter 182,150 

Tehama 24,354 

Total 5,679,566 

Production  of  butter  since  1897: 

1897 28,678,439 

1S98 23,691,023 

1899 24,S68,084 

19C0 28.7S2.859 

1901 29,730,882 

OUR  HOP  CROP. 

California  is  one  of  the  great  hop-growing  States  and  one  of  the 
great  hop-growing  countries  of  the  world.  The  superior  quality  of 
our  hop3  is  recognized  not  only  in  the  Eastern  States  but  in  England 
and  Australasia,  and  to  the  latter  the  greater  part  of  our 
shipments  by  sea  are  made.  Hop-growing  in  the  main  has  been  a 
successful  industry,  although  the  price  of  hops  has  undergone  great 
fluctuations,  going  down  as  low  as  3  cents,  and  on  one  occasion  as 
high  as  $1.30,  when  all  who  held  hops  made  fortunes.  The  area 
devoted  to  hop  culture  has  not  increased  in  this  State  of  late  years. 
In  1873,  3,500  bales  were  raised  and  the  price  was  32|c  to  35c. 
The  quotation  at  the  close  of  1901  was  9c  to  12c.  The  area  under 
crop  is  now  about   6,000  acres.     The  California  crop  was  67,500 


96  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

bales  in  1894  and  only  35,000  bales  in  1896.  In  1898  it  was 
44,500  bales;  in  1899,  59,000  bales;  in  1900,  36,000  bales;  in  1901. 
48,000  bales.     The  average  yield  an  acre  is  1200  lbs. 

The  exports  from  San  Francisco  in  1900  were  816,432  lbs.  by  sea, 
of  which  493,162  lbs.  went  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

LUMBER  RESOURCES. 

The  forests  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are,  with  perhaps  the  exception 
of  those  largely  unknown  of  Siberia,  Manchuria  and  Central  Asia, 
the  only  ones  on  the  earth  to  which  the  world  can  look  for  supplies 
of  timber,  such  as  are  proper  to  the  temperate  regions  of  the  globe 
And  amongst  these  vast  Pacific  forests,  California  contains  the  only 
supplies  of  redwood  and  sugar  pine  to  be  found  in  the  world.  At  the 
era  of  the  American  occupation,  the  State,  estimating  roughly,  had 
about  one-third  of  its  area  or  50,000  square  miles,  covered  with  for- 
ests. These  of  course  included  oak,  madrone  and  other  varieties  not  as 
valuable  as  the  trees  already  mentioned.  The  closest  estimate  now 
made  gives  the  State  15,000,000  acres  of  valuable  timber  trees. 
The  size  of  some  of  the  monarchs  of  our  forests  are  matters  of  the 
world's  wonder.  Without  referring  to  the  Sequoia  Gigantea  there 
are  numerous  woodland  giants  16  to  24  feet  in  diameter  and  300  to 
400  feet  in  height.  A  single  tree  has  yielded  300,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber. From  160  acres  on  Russian  River  24,000,000  feet  have  been 
cut.  The  redwood  forests  average  30,000  to  50,000  feet  per  acre. 
The  sugar  pine  occupies  the  slopes  of  the  Sierras  and  individual 
specimens  may  be  found  rivaling  the  giants  of  the  redwood  forests. 
The  middle  forest  zone  in  the  Sierras  at  an  altitude  of  about  4,000 
feet  has  a  width  of  15  miles.  The  third  forest  zone  extends  to 
9,000  feet.  In  both,  the  sugar  or  yellow  pine  is  the  monarch  of  the 
forest.  The  demand  for  both  rtdwood  and  sugar  pine  is  increasing 
every  year.  All  the  sugar  pine  that  can  be  supplied  for  a  year  to 
come  has  been  sold  for  home,  Eastern  or  Australian  account.  It  is 
the  only  lumber  that  takes  the  place  of  the  white  pine  of  the  East. 
The  redwood  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  uses  to  which  it  can 
be  put.  It  is  almost  fireproof  and  does  not  decay  when  used  in 
damp  places.  It  doe3  not  shrink  and  is  one  of  the  most  durable 
timber  trees  known.     It  takes  on  a  high  poluh,  especially  so  do  the 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  97 

buhrls  of  the  redwood.  It  has  been  used  in  exposed  situations  for 
half  a  century  without  showing  the  least  change.  It  is  in  demand 
not  only  on  the  coast  but  also  in  the  East  and  on  all  the  coasts  of 
the  Pacific  as  well  as  its  islands.  It  has  been  received  with 
favor  in  Europe.  Redwood  shingles  are  being  used  all  over  the 
East,  and  last  year  360,000,000  were  shipped  over  the  railroad. 
The  ordinary  capacity  of  the  redwood  mills  under  present  circum- 
stances is  335,000,000  feet  per  annum,  of  which  230,000  feet  are 
required  to  meet  home  demands,  but  the  capacity  when  working  to  the 
full  extent  is  500,000,000  feet  in  a  year.  The  redwood  area  takes 
in  the  coast  from  just  inside  the  border  of  Oregon  to  Monterey  Bay. 
The  cut  of  San  Mateo,  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey  all  finds  a  market 
in  these  counties.  The  production  of  redwood  in  1901  has  been  as 
follows :  Humboldt,  200,000,000  feet;  Del  Norte,  20,000,000  feet; 
Mendocino,  100,000,000  feet;  Sonoma,  15,000,000  feet,  Santa  Cruz, 
15,000,000  feet. 

The  exports  of  lumber  from  San  Francisco  for  the  year  1902  in- 
clude as  follows:  Australasia,  12,218,764  feet;  Great  Britain,  4,071,- 
922  feet;  Hawaiian  Islands,  9,473,923  feet;  Mexico,  3,433,674  feet; 
Central  America,  1,293,140  feet;  Tahiti,  1,447,669  feet;  China, 
321,000  feet;  Japan,  161,244  feet;  Ecuador,  3,089,353  feet;  Peru, 
1,007,002  feet;  Philippine  Islands,  495,083  feet;  New  York,  394,- 
401  feet;  Germany,  134,703  feet.     The  total  was  39,354,801  feet. 

LIVE  STOCK. 

California  is  a  land  eminently  suited  for  the  raising  of  live  stock. 
Our  mountains  and  rolling  lands  are  covered  with  all  kinds  of  rich 
and  succulent  grasses.  There  are  vast  fields  of  wild  oats,  clover  and 
aflBlaria,  which  are  fattening  in  a  green  state.  These  lands  extend 
from  32.50  to  42  north  latitude. 

The  basis  of  our  cattle  stock  was  the  long-horned  Spanish  breed, 
first  introduced  by  the  Missionaries.  These  have  been  crossed  with 
the  best  varieties  of  Eastern  and  European  stock  till  now  we  have  a 
breed  of  cattle  unexcelled  in  the  world.  The  introduction  of 
Durham  and  Devon  cattle  and  crossing  them  with  the  native  breed 
of  cattle  produced  handsome,  sleek,  well  fed  cattle,  deep  red  in  color 
and  with  short  horns.     The  Durham  is  the  beef  cattle  of  California 


98  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

par  excellence.  Amongst  the  breeds  introduced  are  the  Holstein, 
Frisian  and  Polled  Angus,  the  Ayrshire  and  the  Jersey,  the  latter 
for  dairying  purposes. 

California  has  been  called  "the  home  of  the  horse."  A  splendid 
breed  has  been  produced  by  crossing  the  native  mustang  with  the 
best  imported  descriptions.  For  pure  gait,  fine  form  and  perfect 
action,  they  are  unequaled.  A  California  horse,  "Arion,"  brought 
$125,000  and  sales  have  been  made  all  the  way  from  $40,000  up. 
We  have  the  largest  breeding  farms  in  the  world  and  sales  have 
been  made  up  the  figure  of  a  million  dollars  annually. 

California  should  be  a  great  State  for  the  production  of  swine  and 
pork  products,  and  though  we  have  some  industries  of  that  descrip- 
tion they  are  few  and  far  from  what  they  ought  to  be,  when  the 
extent  of  our  importation  of  Eastern  is  considered. 

OUR  FISH  PRODUCT. 

The  coast  of  California  and  the  rivers  swarm  with  fish.  The 
Sacramento  River  and  San  Francisco  Bay  especially  are  full  of 
splendid  food  fish.  The  river  used  to  swarm  with  salmon,  the  mag- 
nificent King  salmon.  Here  the  first  salmon  cannery  ou  the  Pacific 
Coast  was  started  and  for  many  years  the  Sacramento  led  in  the 
canning  of  the  magnificent  fish.  The  pack  has  run  as  high  as  250,- 
000  cases  in  a  year.  Of  late  years,  however,  the  great  demand  for 
fresh  salmon  for  our  home  markets  and  for  shipment  East  in  refrig- 
erator cars  has  cut  down  the  pack  to  very  small  dimensions  and  last 
year  it  was  only  17,500  cases-'.  The  coast  herring,  or,  as  it  is  some, 
times  called,  the  California  Sardine,  is  found  in  great  numbers  in 
our  waters  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  sardines  sold  on  the 
coast  are  of  California  origin,  The  actual  value  of  the  fish  industry 
is  not  easy  to  estimate,  but  it  is  generally  placed  as  30,000,000  lbst 
valued  at  $  1,000.000  a  year.  There  is  a  considerable  oyster  industry 
carried  on,  the  value  of  which  is  included  in  the  above.  The  oyster 
beds  are  on  the  bay  shore  south  of  San  Francisco. 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

San  Francisco  as  well  as  being  the  metropolis  of  California  is 
also  one  of  its  counties  and  has  an  area  of  42  square  miles  being  the 
northern  portion  of  the  peninsula  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  99 

cisco  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  olden  times  it  was  the  seat  of  one 
of  the  most  flourishing  missions  in  California  and  had  a  large  Indian 
population  gathered  round  the  old  Mission  Church.  Its  surface  is 
for  the  most  part  hilly,  culminating  in  the  Mission  Mountains.  Its 
area  is  sufficient  to  give  homes  to  as  many  people  as  are  found  in  the 
great  city  of  London,  but  as  a  large  portion  is  taken  up  by  parts 
and  reserves  its  future  extension  will  no  doubt  carry  it  far  south- 
ward into  San  Mateo  County.  Details  as  to  commerce,  finance  and 
industry  will  be  found  elsewhere  under  their  appropriate  headings. 
This  is  the  age  of  great  cities;  London  is  careering  on  to  the 
point  where  she  will  have  a  population  of  five  millions,  the  greatest 
of  any  city  on  record — greater  than  that  of  Imperial  Rome  in  her 
palmiest  days,  and  unless  the  growth  of  the  British  Empire  should 
cease  she  will  not  stop  there.  Other  cities  are  following  fast  in  her 
footsteps.  Paris  now  claims  upwards  of  three  millions,  and  Greater 
New  York  has  even  overstepped  that  figure,  while  half  a  dozen  great 
cities  of  Europe  and  America  are  crowding  close  behind.  All  this 
concentration  of  population  results  from  the  new  conditions  of  the 
century's  commerce  and  industry;  railroads,  steamships  and  manu- 
factures make  the  great  cities  of  our  day. 

Hitherto  the  Atlantic  Ocean  has  been  the  highway  of  modern 
commerce,  but  ere  long  it  must  give  way  to  the  Pacific.  Incontest- 
ably,  the  greatest  ocean  of  earth,  it  must  be  the  seat  of  the  greatest 
commerce,  and  that  commerce  must  have  a  seat  and  center  that 
must  be  San  Francisco.  The  Orient  is  now  as  it  has  been  in  all 
ages,  the  cynosure  of  the  world's  gaze.  From  the  earliest  ages  all 
eyes  were  turned  to  it.  Its  commerce  made  the  fortune  of  the  anci- 
ent marts  of  commerce  whose  names  shine  so  brightly  in  the  twilight 
of  history.  Later  on  Alexandria  and  Constantinople  flourished  by 
its  aid.  Then  followed  the  great  republics  of  the  Middle  Ages,  chief 
of  whom,  Venice  and  Genoa  il  superba,  vied  with  the  greatest 
monarchs  in  their  power  and  overshadowed  them  in  their  wealth  and 
splendor.  London  has  attained  her  present  wealth  and  greatness 
and  her  teeming  millions  through  this  all-important  trade.  As  the 
years  pass  by,  all  that  will  center  in  San  Francisco. 

"Serene  indifferent  to  fate, 

Thou  sittest  by  the  Golden  Gate." 


100  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Geographically  considered,  we  are  nearer  to  the  principal  ports  of 
China,  Japan,  Corea,  Siberia,  the  Philippines,  Farther  India,  Siam, 
Burtnah,  India  and  the  wonderful  islands  of  Malaysia,  than  any  other 
point  in  the  whole  of  North  America,  and  as  distance  tells  in  trans- 
portation, the  greater  part  of  the  trade  with  the  United  States  must 
pass  through  this  city,  and  the  business  houses  of  to-day  engaged  in 
that  trade  and  others  yet  to  be  founded  will  be  its  nucleus.  Here, 
as  in  a  vast  world's  emporium,  will  be  gathered  the  products  of  the 
east  and  the  west  for  purposes  of  exchange,  the  staples  of  two 
worlds.  All  of  the  olden  commerce  will  be  a  mere  shadow  of  that 
wonderful  trade  of  the  future,  and  here  will  not  only  be  centered 
the  commerce  of  the  Orient  properly  so  called,  but  of  the  antipodes 
— the  new  and  mighty  empire  of  the  south,  where  a  new  United 
States  is  arising  in  the  Australias,  and  that  new  Britain  of  the 
south,  New  Zealand. 

Indeed,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  San  Francisco  will  be  the 
future  seat  and  center  of  a  world's  commerce.  The  troubles 
in  China  have  opened  that  Empire  to  the  world's  commerce. 
It  will  take  it3  place  in  the  great  march  of  nations,  and  what  may 
not  be  expected  of  four  hundred  millions  of  the  most  patient  and 
industrious  people  on  God's  footstool;  and  fast  beside  them  is  strid- 
ing the  people  of  the  great  island  Empire  of  Japan,  the  land  of  the 
rising  sun;  and  there  is  the  vast  area  of  Siberia  being  newly  opened 
to  civilization  and  commerce.  All  these  will,  in  a  peaceful  way,  be 
San  Francisco's  spoils.  From  the  moment  that  peace  was  proclaimed 
jn  the  Orient  San  Francisco  began  to  grow  at  a  mighty  rate. 
Within  thirty  years  from  now,  her  population,  with  its  suburbs,  will 
have  reached  the  million  mark.  Its  wharves  will  stretch  for  miles 
on  both  sides  of  the  bay,  backed  by  warehouses  holding  the  garnered 
riches  of  the  world.  Half  a  dozen  transcontinental  railroads  will 
have  taken  the  place  of  the  two  that  now  supply  the  needs  of  our 
inland  commerce,  a  dozen  steam  lines  will  take  the  place  of  those 
now  existing  here,  and  floating  warehouses  and  palaces  of  15,000  to 
20,000  tons  will  take  the  place  of  those  that  are  now  seen  on  the 
waters  of  our  bay  and  the  adjacent  ocean.  Our  industries  will  have 
annual  values  of  hundreds  of  millions,  and  our  imports  and  exports 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  101 

will  be  measured  by  similar  figures  instead  of  those  that  we  are  now- 
called  on  to  record.  In  a  word,  there  will  be  as  wonderful  a  con- 
trast with  the  San  Francisco  of  today  as  the  San  Francisco  of  to- 
day makes  with  the  new  commercial  emporium  of  the  fifties,  and  as 
to  her  farther  history,  who  may  tell.  If  London  in  fifty  years  has 
increased  from  a  million  and  a  half  to  almost  five  millions  of  people, 
what  shall  not  be  done  by  this  young  giant  of  the  West  in  whose 
veins  the  best  blood  of  all  the  finest  races  of  the  world  commingles  ? 

OUR  COMMERCIAL  OUTLOOK 

Jan.,  14,  1902. 
It  is  exceedingly  gratifying  to  us  to  look  back  over  the  year  1901 
and  feel  that  the  good  prophecies  which  were  made  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  year,  have  been  fulfilled,  in  regard  to  almost 
everything  that  concerns  the  welfare  of  the  city.  Naturally,  San 
Francisco  being  the  metropolis,  not  only  of  the  State  but  of  the 
Coast,  we  are  dependent  upon  their  well-being,  for  our  present 
prosperous  condition,  and  our  bright  outlook  for  the  future,  is  but 
a  reflection  of  that  of  the  entire  State.  We  continue  to  occupy, 
we  might  say,  the  center  of  the  stage  at  present;  that  is  to  say,  the 
eyes  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  world  are  turned  upon  ua  as 
the  focal  point  of  this  continent,  in  regard  to  the  vast  Pacific  and 
Oriental  trade.  Not  only  are  we,  more  than  ever,  a  favorite  point 
in  the  tourist  route,  but  what  is  more  important,  we  are  the  point 
to  which  the  eyes  of  the  capitalists  and  men  of  affairs,  are  turned. 
Millions  of  dollars  have  been  invested  here  from  outside  sources 
during  the  past  year;  this  is  only  a  commencement.  These  millions 
have  gone  not  only  in  real  estate,  but  into  street  railways  and 
manufacturing  industries  of  various  kinds.  We  see  evidence  of 
this  on  every  hand.  The  real  estate  market  is  an  excellent  baro- 
meter of  commercial  conditions,  but  somewhat  slow  to  act,  after  it 
has  shown  a  favorable  condition,  it  is  an  evidence  that  this  condi- 
tion has  existed  for  sometime.  The  real  estate  sales  show  an  in- 
crease of  nearly  30  per  cent,  over  those  of  1900.  The  bank 
clearings  also  indicate  our  increased  prosperity,  which,  for  1901 
show  an  unprecedented  amount,  an  increase  of  over  $1 45,000,000 


102  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

above  the  previous  year,  being  nearly  five  times  the  amount  of  the 
combined  clearings  of  the  sea-board  cities  of  the  Coast. 

Again  our  savings  banks  are  overcrowded  with  money.  These 
banks  having  gained  upwards  of  $9,000,000  in  resources  and 
$9,000,000  in  deposits,  during  the  year.  Our  export  trade  has 
shown  a  very  favorable  increase  and  if  we  include  the  shipments  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  which  we  included  in  former  years  and 
which  are  now  considered  coastwise,  the  amount  would  be  increased 
by  from  ten  to  twelve  million  dollars.  Great  Britain  is  still  our 
best  customer  for  our  wheat,  having  taken  during  the  year  upwards 
of  seven  million  centals,  and  China  our  best  customer  for  flour, 
shipments  there  being  over  640,000  barrels.  Our  exports  to  the 
Orient  show  great  prosperity;  our  trade  with  Central  and  South 
America  has  greatly  increased,  this  latter  being  the  result  of  direct, 
regular,  frequent  and  economical  transportation  to  those  points. 
When  transportation  of  this  kind  is  afforded  it  is  sure  to  result  in 
increased  traffic.  The  merchants  of  this  city  are  now  endeavoring 
to  have  established  a  line  of  steamers  going  direct  to  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  As  yet,  we  have  not  enjoyed  the  trade  we  should 
with  these  islands,  but  with  such  a  line  opened  we  feel  that  its 
growth  will  be  assured.  The  development  of  the  petroleum  indus- 
try in  this  State  has  been  a  source  of  great  benefit  to  this  city, 
affording  cheap  fuel  for  industrial  enterprises,  which  was  lacking, 
and  hundreds  of  our  manufacturers  are  now  using  oil  which  former- 
ly burned  coal,  the  change  affording  a  marked  economy  in  fuel. 

The  production  of  crude  oil  in  the  State  is  estimated  at  about 
8,500,000,  about  double  that  of  last  year.  Already  extensive  oil 
refineries  are  being  erected  close  to  the  city  and  arrangements  are 
bein<*  made  for  economical  transportation  from  the  oil  fields.  Not 
only  is  this  cheap  fuel  of  benefit  to  factories,  but  ultimately  will  be 
an  important  factor  in  our  commerce  by  affording  a  cheap  fuel  for 
the  steamers  that  ply  from  our  port  bearing  valuable  cargoes  of  our 
products.  Besides,  the  oil  is  destined  to  become  a  valuable  article 
of  export  when  suitable  tank  steamers  are  built  for  its  transfer  and 
for  its  use  as  their  fuel. 

Some  of  the  cities  lying  close  to  us  are  using  electricity  for  power 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  103 

and  light  conveyed  long  distances  from  the  mountain  streams,  in 
some  cases  the  current  having  been  carried  more  than  180  miles. 
It  is  possible  that  this  system  may  be  extended  and  projected  into 
San  Francisco,  thus  affording  another  means  of  operating  our  fac- 
tories and  furnishing  us  with  light  and  power  for  our  many  needs 
in  a  cheap  and  convenient  form. 

Our  city  is  practically  free  from  debt,  extensive  municipal  im- 
provements are  being  inaugurated,  so  that  in  time  any  addition  to 
our  important  position  as  a  commercial  center  we  will  be  noted  as 
one  of  the  best  organized  and  most  handsomely  adorned  cities  of  the 
world. 

E.  Scott, 
Secretary  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

ANNUAL  MEETING  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 

At  the  Annual  meeting  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  valuable 
reports  were  submitted.  Secretary  Scott  presented  his  report  show- 
ing a  large  increase  in  membership  as  well  as  a  handsome  increase 
in  the  cash  balance  over  previous  years. 

PRESIDENT'S  ANNUAL  REPORT. 

To  the  Members  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  San  Francisco 
California. 

Gentlemen, — When,  a  year  ago,  I  was  introduced  by  the  retir- 
ing President,  Captain  Charles  Nelson,  as  his  successor,  I  promised 
to  give  you  an  active  administration,  and  now  present  our  Annual 
Report  showing  a  very  active  year  for  the  Chamber. 

Many  subjects  have  been  acted  on  by  your  Board  of  Directors 
during  the  past  year.  Some  we  have  succeeded  in  carrying 
through;  others  are  now  pending.  Our  city  has  been  visited  by  the 
late  President  McKinley  and  his  Cabinet.  We  also  have  been 
called  upon  to  forward  to  Washington  testimonials  of  our  deep  sor- 
row at  the  loss  the  nation  has  sustained  in  the  assasination  of  the 
man  who  has  done  so  much  to  build  up  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  with  the  Orient. 

Much  has  been  said  about  a  direct  steamship  line  with  the  Philip- 


104  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

pine  Islands.  In  this  connection,  in  company  with  the  President 
of  the  Merchant's  Fxchange  and  a  representative  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  I  visited  Washington  and  laid  the  case  before  the  late 
President  McKinley  and  Secretary  Root.  Today  we  see  by  the 
daily  papers  that  the  Secretary  of  War  advi  ses  the  sale  of  trans- 
ports and  encourages  the  establishment  of  a  private  steamship  line 
between  the  United  States  and  Philippine  Islands.  This  is  going 
further  than  we  had  ever  dared  hope  and  I  am  still  of  the  opinion 
that  it  would  be  better  for  the  commercial  interests  to  maintain 
transports  under  government  management  until  we  withdraw  the 
troops  from  the  Philippine  Islands  and  to  supplement  the  transport 
service  with  private  Lnes  that  should  have  a  certain  percentage  of 
freight  guaranteed  to  them  by  the  government. 

On  the  first  of  December  the  Chamber  sent  a  Special  Representa- 
tive, Mr.  Wm.  M.  Bunker,  to  Washington  to  look  out  for  the 
interests  of  San  Francisco  and  the  State  of  California.  We  are 
now  receiving  almost  daily  letters  and  telegrams  from  him  keeping 
us  posted  of  all  matters  of  legislation  pertaining  to  the  Coast.  The 
question  of  a  new  Custom  House  on  the  site  of  the  old  Post  Office 
is  having  his  closest  attention  at  present.  Another  question  of 
vital  interest  to  San  Francisco  is  the  restoration  to  this  port  of  the 
purchasing  of  Indian  supplies.  According  to  recent  letters  from 
our  representatives,  great  progress  is  being  made  in  this  matter. 
Nor  do  we  forget  the  importance  of  urging  the  River  and  Harbor 
Committee  to  dredge  the  channel  between  Mare  Island  and  Vallejo 
and  in  San  Pablo  Bay. 

Many  other  subjects  we  are  pressing  to  our  representatives  and  I 
now  call  upon  our  members  to  bring  forward  suggestions  and  such 
measures  a3  may  be  for  the  general  interest  of  the  City  and  State 

Some  of  the  work  that  has  been  done  during  the  year  consists  uf: 

Having  a  first-class  cruiser  named  the  "California." 

The  China  Basin  lease  has  been  accomplished. 

§90,000  has  been  appropriated  for  a  relief  lightship  and  bids  will 
soon  be  opened  for  the  building  of  the  same. 

We  have  successfully  protested  against  the  movement  of  U.  S. 
Transport  service  from  the  port  of  San  Francisco. 


HON.  JAMES  D    PHELAX 
Ex-Mayor  of  San  Francisco 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  105 

The  Philippine  Tariff  Commission  visited  this  city  and  were  en- 
tertained at  lunch  by  your  Chamber. 

Members  interested  in  flour,  canned  goods  and  other  articles  were 
given  an  opportunity  to  lay  their  case  before  Commission  so  suc- 
cessfully that  the  tariff  on  flour  has  been  reduced  from  75  cents  to 
40  cents  per  hundred  kilos,  and  material  reduction  made  in  canned 
goods. 

The  question  of  national  irrigation  was  taken  up  during  the 
months  January,  March  and  December  and  is  now  pending  before 
the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  Federal  Fruit  Quarantine  Law  was  taken  up  during  the 
month  of  February  and  is  also  pending. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  was  petitioned  in  April  and  Septem- 
ber to  have  the  repairs  to  the  vessels  of  the  Asiatic  Squadron  made 
at  this  port.     The  matter  is  now  pending. 

We  have  also  succeeded  in  getting  the  promise  of  the  government 
to  establish  wireless  telegraph  between  the  Farallone  Iblands  and 
the  mainland. 

The  question  of  impounding  dams  above  Marysville  has  been 
gone  into  carefully  and  the  matter  taken  before  the  Trans-Mis- 
sissippi Congress  July  16th  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  Government 
aid. 

The  Metric  System  of  Weights  and  Measures  for  national  use 
throughout  the  United  States  has  been  endorsed  by  this  body. 

Your  Board  of  Trustees  have  endorsed  the  bill  for  the  improve- 
ment of  consular  service.  The  Chamber  has  been  honored  by  a 
visit  from  the  Hon.  T.  S.  Sharretts,  U.   S.  Commissioner  to   China. 

The  National  Bankruptcy  Law  has  been  gone  into  very  carefully 
and  in  conjunction  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  we  have  endorsed  the 
bill  now  pending  before  Congress. 

The  Tariff  on  rope  and  cigars  from  Manila,  at  the  suggestion  of 
some  of  our  members,  we  have  concluded  should  continue  in  force 
and  not  be  placed  on  the  free  list,  as  it  will  compete  with  the  labor 
of  California. 

The  question  of  a  tariff  on  sugar,  citrus  fruit,  etc.,  from  Cuba  has 
been  gone  into  very  carefully.  A  special  Committee  of  your  Board 
of  Directors  was  appointed  to  confer  with  the  members  interested 


106  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

in  these  matters,  and  telegrams  and  memorials  have  been  sent  to 
Congress  in  accordance  with  their  wishes. 

During  the  year  our  city  has  been  called  upon  to  witness  a  strug- 
gle between  labor  and  capital,  and,  while  this  Chamber  took  no 
sides,  it  felt  itself  called  upon  to  communicate  with  the  Mayor,  urg- 
ing on  him  strong  action. 

Your  Board  of  Trustees  have  endorsed  the  action  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  creating  a  Department  of  Commerce  and  Industries, 

The  Chamber  during  the  year  has  been  the  recipient  of  a  valu- 
able gift  of  the  early  records  of  commerce  of  San  Francisco. 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  been  petitioned  to  establish  at  least 
one  of  the  military  instruction  camps,  about  to  be  established 
throughout  the  Union,  in  California,  and  the  result  is  that  General 
Young,  in  command  of  the  forces  of  the  Pacific,  has  received  in- 
structions to  forward  to  Washington  all  information  in  regard  to  a 
suitable  site  for  the  camp  in  this  State. 

Your  Special  Committee  in  charge  of  matters  pertaining  to  the 
water  front  have  again  urged  on  the  Harbor  Commission  the 
necessity  of  dredging  Channel  street,  and  the  contract  has  been  let. 

The  Committee  in  charge  of  the  Weather  Bureau  has  recom- 
mended that  life  lines  and  life  buoys  be  presented  to  the  Point 
Reyes  Station.  Your  Chamber  has  recommended  that,  at  a  suit- 
able time,  TJ.  S.  Coastwise  Navigation  Laws  be  established  with 
the  Philippine  Islands. 

Many  other  matters  have  been  taken  up  by  your  Board  of 
Trustees,  and  I  know  that  the  incoming  Board  feels  a  strong  desire 
to  receive  the  co- operation  of  the  members  of  the  Chamber  in  all 
matters  pertaining  to  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  port. 

Our  Senators  and  Representatives  have  shown  great  activity  dur- 
ing the  session  of  Congress,  and  have  accorded  to  our  Chamber 
many  opportunities  to  assist  and  co-operate  with  them  in  matters 
pertaining  to  the  Coast,  for  which,  I  know,  you  will  agree  with  me 
in  extending  to  them  heartiest  thanks. 

The  other  commercial  organizations  of  the  city  and  State  are  co- 
operating with  the  Chamber  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  public 
good,  and  our  policy  has  and  will  be  to  go  before  the  public  with  a 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  107 

united  front  on  public  matters,  as  we  believe  more  can  be  accom- 
plished by  co-operation  than  by  indivivual  effort. 

The  Nicaragua  Canal,  a  measure  that  the  Chamber  has  urged  for 
the  last  ten  years,  is  about  to  become  an  accomplished  act,  as  a 
bill  has  already  passed  the  House  and  without  doubt  will  pass  the 
Senate,  and  once  more  the  Chamber  can  congratulate  itself  on  help- 
ing to  carry  through  a  measure  of  such  importance  to  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

The  importance  of  our  new  fuel  product — petroleum — cannot  be 
too  highly  estimated,  as  the  output  has  more  than  doubled  during 
the  past  year. 

We  do  not  overlook  the  importance  of  our  merchant  marine,  and 
continue  to  urge  Congress  to  pass  measures  that  will  place  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  in  the  foremost  rank  in  the  world. 

Never  in  the  history  of  the  Chamber  has  our  membership  shown 
such  a  large  increase  as  during  the  past  year,  and  we  stand  today 
with  over  625  members  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  the  commercial  or- 
ganizations. We  have  gained  in  membership  during  the  year  over 
170  members. 

I  desire  to  call  the  attention  of  our  members  to  our  Standing 
Committee,  especially  to  the  Committee  on  Arbitration,  as  this  was 
formed  for  the  settlement  of  difficulties  among  the  members  and 
others,  and  I  am  sure  we  would  find  it  greatly  to  our  advantage  in 
referring  matters  to  it  rather  than  resorting  to  other  measures.  We 
also  have  a  Committee  on  Appeal,  so  that  if  the  decision  of  the 
Arbitration  Committee  is  not  satisfactory  the  matter  can  be  ap- 
pealed. And  this  year  we  will  add  a  Committee  on  Reception  and 
Entertainment. 

The  Transpacific  Cable  for  which  we  have  so  earnestly  labored,  is 
about  to  become  an  accomplished  fact,  as  we  hope  that  within  the 
next  year  to  be  in  communication  by  cable  with  the  far  east. 

The  business  of  the  year  of  our  city  and  State,  as  shown  by  our 
statistics,  has  been  improved  by  leaps  and  bounds.  Our  savings 
banks  are  overcrowded  with  money,  and  loans  have  been  made  as 
low  as  5|  per  cent,  gross,  the  lowest  rate  ever  known  in  this  city. 
Our  city  has  17  commercial  bank?,  with  resources  of  over  $87,000,- 
000  and  deposits  aggregating  over  $50,000,000.     We  have  also  nine 


108  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

savings  banks,  with  resources  of  over  $139,000,000  and  deposits 
aggregating  $128,000,000.  Our  banks  gained  $20,000,000  in  re- 
sources during  the  year.  The  bank  clearances  for  1901  were  over 
$1,000,000,000,  an  increase  over  1900  of  about  $149,000,000.  The 
month  of  October  was  the  banner  month,  showing  cleai'ance  of  over 
$118,000,000.  The  clearance  for  December  31st,  1901,  was  $7,- 
000,000,  the  greatest  for  any  one  day  on  record.  These  figures  do 
not  include  the  five  National  banks  in  San  Francisco. 

The  State  has  42  National  banks,  with  resources  of  over  $75,- 
000,000.  Five  of  these  banks  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  represent 
nearly  one-half  of  this  total.  The  city  savings  banks  have  increased 
their  deposits  some  $9,000,000  during  the  year.  The  total  amount 
of  dividends  paid  out  by  corporations  listed  on  the  San  Francisco 
Stock  and  Bond  Exchange  were  $11,675,359.  The  U.  S.  Custom 
collections  for  the  year  were  over  $600,000  per  month.  The  total 
exports  of  merchandise  by  sea  was  over  $40,000,000,  and  the  total 
imports  of  merchandise  by  sea  for  the  year  were  over  $36,000,000, 
showing  an  excess  of  our  exports  over  our  imports  of  over  $4,000,- 
000.  Our  Hawaiian  trade  amounts  to  over  $1,000,000  per  month, 
and  if  it  was  included  in  the  statistics  of  the  port,  as  in  former 
years,  it  would  make  a  larger  showing  for  exports  of  the  port  tin  n 
any  in  the  history  of  the  city. 

October  seems  to  have  been  the  most  prosperous  month,  as  the 
export  business  for  that  month  amounted  to  nearly  $6,000,000. 

Two  hundred  and  one  grain  cargoes  were  cleared  during  the  year. 
Real  estate  to  the  value  of  $29,000,000  has  changed  hands  during 
the  year.  The  assessed  valuation  of  real  estate  and  improvements 
in  San  Francisco  is  over  $289,000,000.  The  assessed  valuation  of 
personal  property  is  $85,000,000.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of 
all  kinds  of  property  in  San  Francisco  in  1901  was  $413,338,420. 
The  total  indebtedness  of  the  City  and  County  of  San  Francisco 
was  $250,000.  For  many  years  Great  Britain  has  b^en  our  best 
customer  for  wheat,  and  still  continues,  as  she  has  taken  7,000,000 
centals  during  the  year.  Our  products  still  continue  to  increase  in 
value.  The  gold  production  for  the  year  was  over  $15,000,000 — 
silver  over  $1,000,000.  Our  wheat  crop  amounted  to  over  30,000,- 
000  bushels,  valued  at  something  over  $18,000,000.     Our  barhy 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  109 

crops  exceeded  20,000,000  bushels,  and  were  valued  at  over  $7,500,- 
000.  The  salmon  pack  of  the  Pacific  Coast  was  the  largest  on 
record,  being  5,044,000  cases.  Dairy  products  of  the  State  were 
large  and  exceeded  in  valuation  some  $15,000,000.  The  wool  clip 
for  the  year  exceeded  15,000,000  pounds.  The  deciduous  fruit 
shipped  east  by  rail  exceeds  6000  carloads.  The  orange  crop,  being 
another  of  the  largest  crops  for  many  years,  exceeded  21,000  cars. 
The  lemon  crop  amounted  to  about  3000  cars.  The  State  has  over 
29,000,000  fruit  trees,  about  two-thirds  of  which  are  in  full  bear- 
ing. The  greatest  portion  of  these  trees — some  20,000,000 — are  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Our  bean  crop  has  also  been  very 
successful,  amounting  to  54,000,000  pounds.  The  raisin  crop 
amounted  to  72,000,000  pounds.  The  prune  crop  amounted  to 
70,000,000  pounds.  Our  wines  and  brandies  amounted  to  about 
18,000,000  gallons.  The  fuel  oil  production  showed  nine  million 
barrels.  The  sugar  production  is  80,000  tons,  and  as  for  walnuts, 
peaches,  apricots,  apples,  pears,  plums,  figs,  hops  and  other  pro- 
ducts, I  will  refer  you  to  our  compiled  statistics,  which  have  been 
prepared  with  great  accuracy. 

I  regret  to  state  that  we  have  lost  by  death  the  following  mem- 
bers: John  D.  Fry,  February  3;  Charles  Fox  Tay,  February  8; 
Adolph  Bissinger,  February  17;  James  B.  Chase,  February  22; 
Simeon  Wenban,  March  4;  Herman  J.  Sadler,  April  14;  Jacob  G. 
Jackson,  April  17;  Peter  Dean,  May  25;  Joseph  Britton,  July  18; 
George  F.  Hooper,  August  11;  Stewert  Menzies,  September  25;  J. 
W.  Allyne,  December  4;  Samuel  Feder,  December  29. 

And  now,  in  closing,  I  beg  to  again  remind  the  members  that  the 
Trustees  are  here  for  work  and  will  be  very  glad  to  receive  any 
suggestions  from  the  members  of  the  Chamber  in  all  matters  per- 
taining to  the  commerce  of  the  port  of  San  Francisco. 

Thanking  you  for  re-electing  me  to  the  office  of  President  of  the 
Chamber  and  also  expressing  our  thanks  to  the  members  of  the 
California  Delegation  in  Congress  for  their  many  courtesies  shown 
to  us,  and  not  forgetting  the  support  given  us  by  the  press,  I  close 
this,  my  Annual  Report. 

Geo.  A.  Newhall,  President. 


110  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 


SAN  FRANCISCO'S  HISTORY 

San  Francisco,  or  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the  Golden  City,  is 
not  only  the  metropolis  of  California,  but  also  of  the  whole  Pacific 
Coast  and  will  in  time  occupy  the  same  position  with  regard  to  the 
Western  half  of  the  continent,  leaving  to  New  York  the  empire  of 
the  East.  Its  location  on  the  map  is  37  deg.  47  min.  22  sec.  north 
latitude,  and  122  deg.  25  min.  40  sec.  west  longitude,  and  as  far  as 
climate  is  concerned  occupies  one  of  the  finest  positions  on  the 
globe.  Like  many  other  seats  of  commerce  and  empire  it  may  be 
called  a  seven  hilled  city.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the 
world.  The  Golden  Gate — as  such  well  named — forms  a  magnifi- 
cent approach  to  this  fair  city,  as  it  is  about  five  miles  long  by  one 
wide,  with  a  picturesque,  if  rugged,  coast  on  either  hand.  The 
bay,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  extends  forty  miles  south  of  the 
city,  and  with  its  sinuosities  reaches  twenty-five  miles  to  the  north- 
ward, affording  a  wealth  of  beautiful  and  picturesque  scenery  on 
either  hand — some  of  it,  especially  around  San  Pablo  Bay,  remind- 
ing one  of  mingled  lake  and  mountain  scenery,  as  here  the  hills 
appear  from  a  distance  to  come  to  the  water's  edge.  The  muddy 
currents  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  however,  at  times  mar 
the  general  effect  which,  nevertheless,  is  always  striking  and  often 
grand.  The  average  width  of  the  bay  is  about  eight  mile?,  while 
its  shore  line  is  over  three  hundred  miles  in  length.  The  depth  of 
water  varies  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet.  It  contains  three 
islands:  Angel  Island,  Alcatraz  Island  and  Goat  Island,  each  a 
Government  reservation.  Goat  Island,  opposite  the  business  part  of 
the  city,  is  about  half  a  mile  square.  Angel  Island,  which  is  hilly, 
contains  about  eight  hundred  acres.  Alcatraz,  which  has  a  fort  of 
the  same  name  commanding  the  Golden  Gate,  has  an  area  of  about 
thirty  acres.  Many  of  the  most  important  communities  in  Califor- 
nia, such  as  San  Francisco,  San  Jose,  Oakland,  Alameda,  Petaluma, 
Vallejo  and  others,  are  on  or  near  its  shores.  It  has  been  com- 
pared for  beauty  with  the  far  famed  Bay  of  Naples.  Thus  for  a 
noble  situation,  San  Francisco  is  unequaled,  and  with  lake-like  bay 
and  ocean,  the  Mission  mountains  within  its  borders  and  the  many 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  Ill 

high  hills  on  which  the  residence  portion  of  the  city  is  built,  has 
unsurpassed  panoramic  features.  The  numerous  cable  and  electric 
roads  afford  an  endless  variety  of  views,  all  picturesque,  some  grand 
and  imposing  in  the  extreme.  Sunrise  over  the  distant  hills  of 
Contra  Costa,  and  sunset  on  the  western  sea,  have  a  thousand 
charms,  while  the  witchery  of  moonlight  on  the  bay  and  the  distant 
ocean,  and  the  shimmering  pathway  of  the  beautiful  orb  of  night 
can  nowhere  be  observed  to  greater  advantage  than  on  our  own 
widely  extended  waters.  Pleasant  and  picturesque  suburbs  are 
within  easy  hail — the  most  distant  of  them  being  accessible  by  rail 
and  steam  in  thirty-seven  minutes.  Such  are  Oakland,  Alameda, 
Berkeley,  Sausalito,  San  Rafael,  Fruit  Vale,  Menlo  Park,  Belmont, 
San  Mateo  and  Redwood  City. 

The  average  temperature  is  usually  delightful,  no  great  extremes 
of  heat  or  cold.  It  is  much  more  highly  favored  than  almost  any 
other  portion  of  the  State.  Summer  heats  do  not  enervate,  and 
there  is  no  such  thing  as  excessive  winter  cold.  Snow  has  made  its 
appearance  in  our  streets  but  twice  in  a  score  of  years.  The  tem- 
perature until  Christmas  is  generally  most  delightful.  After  that 
it  becomes  bracing,  but  it  would  be  regarded  as  pleasant  in  the  East. 
The  average  temperature  of  January  is  49.3,  and  that  of  July  58.8 
Fahr.  From  November  until  April  is  what  is  called  the  rainy  sea- 
son, but  no  continuous  rains  fall.  Flowers  bloom  in  the  city  gardens 
all  the  year.  The  only  drawback  is  the  summer  fogs,  but  as  these 
are  usually  cleared  off  by  an  early  hour  in  the  day,  they  can  hardly 
be  regarded  as  inconvenient.  Part  of  the  city  is  entirely  free  from 
them.  Trade  winds  prevail  during  the  Summer  and  Fall,  the  result 
of  which  is  one  of  the  healthiest  cities  in  the  world.  There  are  no 
tornadoes,  no  hurricanes,  no  thunder  storms,  a  feeble  electrical  dis- 
play once  or  twice  every  couple  of  years  being  the  best  that  San 
Francisco  can  afford  in  that  direction. 

San  Francisco  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  between  its  noble  bay 
and  the  ocean.  Surrounded  on  three  sides  by  water,  set  in  a  frame 
of  mountains,  the  peninsula  itself  intersected  by  picturesque  sum- 
mits and  hills  of  moderate  elevation,  it  presents  a  series  of  ever 
changing  views,  some  grand,  many  beautiful,  all  fit  subjects  for  the 
painter's  brush  or  the  poet's  pen.     Spring  is  probably   the  proper 


112  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

season  in  which  to  see  them  and  appreciate  their  beauties,  as  clothed 
in  a  mantle  of  green,  they  are  then  at  their  best.  There  are  a  hun- 
dred vantage  points  for  the  lover  of  natural  beauty  to  choose.  Be- 
yond what  is  known  as  the  Western  Addition,  the  aristocratic 
portion  of  the  oity,  a  range  of  heights  crowns  the  gradually  ascend- 
ing slopes  and  overhangs  the  inlet  that  forms  the  entrance  to  the 
harbor  and  the  shore  line  southeast  from  it.  North  and  east,  be- 
neath the  feet  almost,  extend  the  placid  waters  of  San  Francisco 
Bay.  East  and  by  south,  to  uee  a  nautical  phrase,  the  prospect  is 
interrupted  by  hills  within  the  urban  limit.  Southeast  again  ap- 
pear the  shining  waters  of  the  bay,  extending  afar  off  to  the  horizon. 
West  and  southwest,  looking  toward  China  and  Japan  and  the 
tropical  islands  of  the  Malaysian  Archipalego,  and  extending  to  the 
far  horizon  where  sea  and  sky  commingling  meet,  are  the  waters  of 
the  blue  Pacific.  The  hills  of  Marin  County,  with  Mount  Tamalpais 
proudly  raising  its  head  over  all,  close  in  the  prospect  to  the  north. 
To  the  northeast  the  waters  of  the  bay  are  continued  to  those  of 
San  Pablo  Bay,  one  of  its  wide-reaching  arms,  which,  however,  is 
invisible.  The  hills  of  Contra  Costa  and  Alameda  form  the  eastern 
horizon.  South  are  Bernal  Heights,  with  the  hills  of  San  Mateo 
rising  behind  them  and  the  summits  of  the  Coast  Range  closing  out 
the  view.  In  the  southwest  the  Twin  Peaks  of  the  Mission  moun- 
tains directly  overhang  one  of  the  most  thickly  populated  sections 
of  the  city.  Within  the  metes  and  bounds  here  noted,  the  residence 
portion  of  San  Francisco  is  found.  In  Spring  verdure  crowned 
heights  everywhere  meet  the  eye,  while  over  all  the  radiance  of  a 
semi-tropical  sun  adds  its  witching  charm.  The  bay  presents  an 
animated  scene,  steamers  crossing  and  recrossing,  entering  and 
leaving  coasters  with  lumber  and  white-winged  vessels  from  many 
lands.  English,  American,  Italian  and  German  ships  anchored  and 
waiting  for  charter,  tugs  darting  hither  and  thither,  small  boats  and 
pleasure  yachts,  all  bespeak  the  presence  of  what  is  fast  becoming 
one  of  the  greatest  cities  of  the  world  and  one  of  the  leading  seats 
of  empire. 

From  these  points  of  view,  however,  the  active  business  life  of 
San  Francisco  cannot  be  seen,  for  this  is  a  city  of  magnificent  dis- 
tances, even   in  its  infancy,  one  to  which    New  York,  cribbed,  cab- 


EUGENE  E.  SCHMITZ 
Mayor  of  San  Francisco 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  113 

ined  and  confined  within  the  narrow  limits  of  Manhattan,  cannot 
for  a  moment  be  compared.  To  note  the  great  heart  of  San  Fran- 
cisco throbbing  and  instinct  with  life  and  its  business  arteries  pul- 
sating with  a  steady  stream  of  humanity  ceaseless  in  its  flow,  we 
must  transport  ourselves  to  another  of  the  heights  of  the  seven - 
hilled  city  of  the  "West.  From  those — from  the  turret  of  one  of  the 
enchanting  residences  of  our  millionaires,  or  from  the  towering 
heights  of  Telegraph  Hill  — a  coup  d'oeil  can  be  obtained  which  it 
were  hard  elsewhere  to  equal.  Here  the  commercial  life  of  the 
city  flows  all  around  and  beneath  like  the  ocean  tides  round 
some  rocky  promontory.  Market  street,  the  great  central 
artery,  is  black  with  an  ever-moving  throng.  Kearny  street, 
the  principal  retail  avenue  of  the  city,  is  gay  with  richly-dressed 
ladies  and  with  sight-seers.  Montgomery  and  Pine  Streets  overflow 
with  the  speculative  throng.  And  then  from  Telegraph  Hill  to 
Mission  Bay,  like  the  squares  on  a  checker-board,  stretch  block  after 
block  devoted  to  commerce,  law  and  manufactures,  all  with  their 
intersecting  streets  filled  with  crowds  of  soberly  dressed  business 
men.  eager  speculators,  artisans  and  workers  that  hail  from  all  lands. 
Here  the  active  Yankee  jostles  the  indolent  native  of  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, whose  motto  is  ever  manana  (the  everlasting  tomorrow),  the 
sanguine  Irishman,  the  sober  Englishman,  the  staid,  contented- 
looking  German,  the  heathen  Chinee,  and  a  score  of  other  peoples 
and  nations  and  tongues,  who  all  mingle  in  the  same  perennial 
stream  of  humanity.  Not  the  least  among  these  mighty  arteries  of 
trade  and  finance  is  California  street,  named  after  the  State,  its  first 
born,  its  representative  mart,  and  the  one  most  characteristic  of  its 
people.  From  the  same  point  from  which  all  this  is  presented  to 
the  view  scores  of  deep-water  vessels  of  all  nations  may  be  seen  at 
the  wharves  discharging  or  in  the  stream  waiting  for  their  turn, 
and  steamers  crossing  and  recrossing  to  Oakland  and  Alameda, 
which,  over  the  bright  waters  look  like  Venice  as  seen  from  the 
Adriatic.  The  island  of  Alcatraz,  with  its  fortifications,  Angel 
Island  and  Yerba  Buena  or  Goat  Island  serve  to  break  up  the  bay 
into  so  many  smaller  inlets  and  add  to  charm  to  the  whole.  There 
are  other  points  of  vantange  from  which  most  glorious  views  of  city, 
the  bay,  and   the   broad    Pacific   may  be   had,  such  as  the    Mission 


114  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

Peaks,  Russian  Hill  and  Bernal  Heights,  but  from  none  of  them  is 
the  whole  city  visible.  Here  is  ample  room  for  an  imperial  metro- 
polis, with  its  miles  and  miles  of  houses  and  business  streets  and 
wharves  and  its  residence  and  manufacturing  quarters,  equaling  the 
greatest  city  on  earth.  As  yet  it  is  only  sparsely  settled,  though  its 
houses  are  scattered  over  all  this  broad  space,  clustering  more 
thickly  in  certain  quarters.  A  population  of  at  least  three  hundred 
and  sixty  thousand  souls  dwell  within  its  borders.  A  little  over  a 
hundred  years  ago  there  was  no  city  and  no  settlement.  Half  of 
the  area  noted  was  nothing  but  a  bare  sandy  peninsula,  the  sand 
continually  driven  in  from  the  ocean,  drifting  over  its  surface,  leav- 
ing only  the  tops  of  the  high  ridges  bare,  kept  so  by  the  strong 
westerly  breezes.  Where  the  business  portion  of  the  city  now  is, 
was  then  a  sequestered  cove,  or  bay,  over  which  the  hills  rose  sharply 
to  the  sky.  A  few  Indian  settlements  were  found  here  and  there, 
the  occupants  next  to  the  savages  that  roam  the  great  solitudes  of 
South  America,  the  lowest  on  earth.  They  may  have  been  happy, 
but  so  far  as  outward  appearance  went  there  was  nothing  stirring 
or  romantic  in  their  lives,  and  they  were  incapable  of  appreciating 
the  beauties  by  which  they  were  surrounded.  They  had  remained 
for  untold  ages  in  their  ignorance,  possessing  no  more  of  aught  hav- 
ing human  interest  than  the  Paleozoic  man  of  geology,  and  they 
have  now  passed  away  forever.  Yet  it  was  an  effort  to  bring  them 
within  the  Christian  fold  and  make  of  them  a  civilized  and  Chris- 
tian people  that  gave  birth  to  the  little  settlement  that  preceded  in 
order  of  time  the  present  flourishing  city. 

There  is  no  record  of  who  first  discovered  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco or  when,  but  it  was  known  by  that  name  before  the  close  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  while  Elizabeth  was  still  on  the  throne 
of  England  and  Philip  II  on  that  of  Spain,  and  it  was  always  known 
as  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  And  now  a  century  and  three-quar- 
ters elapsed  ere  it  was  again,  as  far  as  is  recorded,  seen  by  white 
men. 

The  Mission  Founded. 

The  Jesuits  had  been  driven  from  New  Spain  and  its  domain?, 
and  the  Franciscan  monks  were  appointed  to  fill  their  places.  Father 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  115 

Junipero  Sena  was  at  the  head  of  those  destined  for  California. 
There  were  two  great  missions  to  be  supplied,  one  at  San  Diego  and 
the  other  at  Monterey.  But  the  latter,  or  rather  the  bay  on  which 
it  was  located,  could  not  be  found.  Palou,  the  biographer  of  Serra, 
attributes  this  to  a  divine  interposition  so  that  they  should  continue 
their  course  till  they  arrived  at  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  because 
when  Father  Junipero  was  consulting  with  the  Inspector-General 
about  the  first  three  missions,  seeing  the  names  and  the  patrons 
which  he  had  assigned  to  them,  said  to  him:  "  Senor,  and  is  there 
mission  for  our  father  (St.  Francis)?"  To  which  Galves  replied: 
"If  our  father  deserves  a  mission  let  him  see  that  his  port  is  found 
and  it  will  be  placed  there."  Fathers  Juan  Crespi  and  Portales 
not  finding  Monterey  Bay,  or  rather  not  recognizing  it,  they  passed 
up  to  the  coast  and  on  the  7th  day  of  November,  1769,  after  a 
weary  journey  over  rugged  hills,  terminated  by  a  march  over  sand 
dunes,  they  reached  the  Golden  Gate.  Friar  Crespi,  who  is  credited 
with  the  honor  of  the  rediscovery  first  as  far  as  known,  located  the 
Bay  of  San  Francisco  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  years  ago, 
and  nearly  seven  years  prior  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
How  little  did  he  dream  that  he  had  discovered  a  new  seat  of  em- 
pire for  those  who  were  even  then  planning  to  establish  one  in  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  But  it  was  even  so.  It  was  not, 
however,  till  the  year  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  just 
eleven  days  before  that  declaration  was  promulgated  to  the 
world,  that  the  settlement  was  established.  Two  years  previously 
Friar  Palou,  the  biographer  already  noted,  again  saw  the  bay,  and 
his  representations  caused  the  fitting  out  of  an  expedition  to  estab- 
lish a  colony  and  a  mission.  Lieutenant  Ayala  surveyed  the  bay 
in  August  1775,  and  reported  it  was  not  an  harbor,  but  a  multitude 
of  harbors,  in  which  all  the  fleets  of  Spain  could  play  hide  and  seek. 
Spain  had  then  a  great  navy,  but  the  asseveration  was  literally  true, 
as  all  the  navies  of  the  world  at  the  present  day  could,  too  play  hide 
and  seek  in  it.  On  the  23d  of  March,  1776,  another  expedition 
selected  the  site  of  the  mission  and  of  the  Presidio  or  fort,  both 
still  known  by  the  same  names.  The  site  of  the  fort,  which  was 
surrounded  by  a  wall  twelve  feet  high,  was  near  the  Golden  Gate> 
and  is  now  the  United    States  military   headquarters  in  San  Fran- 


116  CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS. 

cisco.  The  Mission,  the  church  of  which,  hoary  with  more  than  a 
century  of  years,  still  stands,  was  at  the  head  of  a  fresh  water 
lagoon,  fed  by  the  springs  of  the  Mission  mountains,  which  springs 
have  long  since  disappeared. 

Palou  says  that  Portala,  commander  of  the  expedition,  traveling 
from  the  southward  along  the  shore  of  the  bay,  came  to  the  cove  of 
Llorones  (or  Cry-Babies)  and  crossed  a  creek  which  is  the 
outlet  of  a  large  lagoon,  called  the  Lagoon  of  Dolores,  and  this  ap- 
peared to  him  a  good  site  for  a  mission.  The  first  settlers  in  San 
Francisco  reached  the  spot  on  the  day  previously  noted.  They  con- 
sisted of  seven  civilians  and  their  families,  likewise  seventeen 
dragoons  and  their  families,  under  the  leadership  of  Friars  Palou 
and  Oimbon,  the  soldiers  being  under  the  command  of  Don  Jose 
Moraga.  The  foundation  of  the  settlement  was  made  amidst  great 
rejoicing.  Friar  Palou  celebrated  mas3  and  raised  the  cross  while 
Moraga  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain  amidst 
salutes  by  land  and  sea.  The  next  day  the  Mission  of  San  Fran- 
cisco was  dedicated  in  like  manner  and  the  city's  history  began. 
The  civilization  and  Ohristianization  of  the  Indians  was  at  once 
taken  in  hand.  It  was,  however,  slow  work,  and  then  rough  and 
crude,  but  it  was  a  wonderful  advance  over  their  previous  condition. 

At  sunrise  all  living  in  the  Mission  had  to  rise  and  attend  mass. 
Breakfast  being  partaken  of,  the  men  and  unmarried  women  had  to 
go  to  work  until  eleven  o'clock.  There  was  then  a  respite  of  three 
hours,  after  which  they  worked  again  until  sunset.  They  were 
taught  all  sorts  of  trades  necessary  in  the  settlement.  The  first 
work  done  was  the  erection  of  the  church,  which  is  said  to  have 
taken  seven  years.  At  that  time  there  were  two  hundred  and 
sixty  Christianized  Indians  at  the  Mission.  They  increased  grad- 
ually till  1813,  when  they  numbered  one  thousand  two  hundred  and 
five.  The  settlement  of  whites  from  Mexico  and  old  Spain,  the 
political  revolution,  by  which  the  Mexicans  then  cast  off  the  Span- 
ish yoke,  and  other  causes,  diminished  their  number  till  1823,  and 
ten  years  later  there  were  only  a  few  left.  The  secularization  of 
the  mission  did  its  work,  too,  and  now  there  are  no  Indians  on  the 
peninsula  of  San  Francisco.  Many  of  the  whites  married  Indian 
women,    and   have   left  a  handsome,  sturdy,  prolific  race   behind 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  117 

them,  but  they,  too,  are  few  in  numbers.  There  was  a  slow,  a  very 
slow,  increase  in  the  civil  population  of  San  Francisco,  Gradually 
the  lands  became  divided  up  among  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  Gran- 
tees. These  raised  vast  herds  of  cattle,  whose  hides  and  tallow 
they  sold  yearly  to  small  vessels  visiting  the  bay  for  the  equivalent 
of  five  dollars  each  per  head  of  stock  in  American  money.  Good 
wines  were  made  from  grapes  grown  in  the  valleys  of  Santa  Clara 
and  Sonoma.  Now,  though  both  Mission  and  Presidio  are  within 
the  limits  of  San  Francisco,  the  Mission,  one  of  its  most  thickly 
populated  sections,  neither  was  the  center  from  which  it  sprang. 
The  Pre.sidio  had  a  population  of  perhaps  three  hundred  soldiers 
while  the  Mission  had  perhaps  two  thousand  people — Indians,  etc. 
At  this  time  dealing  in  furs  and  peltry  was  a  very  profitable  occu- 
pation. Elk  were  so  plentiful  that  they  swam  in  herds  from  the 
main  land  to  Mare  Island.  Sea  otter,  three  to  six  feet  in  length, 
and  selling  from  forty  to  fifty  dollars  each,  swarmed  in  the  waters 
of  the  bay.  They  were  sold  to  Boston  ships.  Beaver  skins  from 
the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys  were  plentiful.  The 
goods  for  which  the  hides,  pelts,  tallow,  etc.,  were  exchanged  were 
tea,  coffee,  sugar,  clothing  and  blankets  for  the  Indians.  Then 
there  were  blankets  made  at  the  Mission  from  the  wool  of  the  sheep 
kept  there  and  known  as  Mission  blankets. 

Yerba  Buena. 

The  first  house  was  built  upon  the  slope  of  the  hill  above  the 
quiet  little  cove  of  Yerba  Buena,  on  the  line  of  what  is  known  as 
Dupont  street,  in  the  summer  of  1835,  by  one  William  A.  Richard- 
son, an  Englishman,  who  had  dwelt  twenty  years  in  the  country. 
Reckoning  from  this  time,  San  Francisco  has  had  somewhat  over  half 
a  century  of  history.  Mr.  Richardson  was  a  dealer  in  hides  and 
tallow,  and  his  home  was  the  headquarters  of  the  trade  around  the 
bay.  A  very  humble  origin  it  was  for  commercial  San  Francisco, 
whose  merchandise  is  found  in  every  land  and  the  sails  of  whose 
ships  whiten  every  sea.  Contemporaneously  with  Mr.  Richardson 
dwelt  here  John  Reed  and  Timothy  Murphy,  natives  of  Ireland, 
and  James  Black,  an  Englishman. 

Meanwhile  some  slight  measure  of  progress  was  made  in  the  Mis- 


118  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

sion  Dolores,  and  an  Alcalde,  J.  J.  Estudillo,  was  elected,  with 
power  to  grant  lots  to  settlers.  The  pueblo,  or  settlement,  was,  as 
in  California  towns,  four  leagues  square.  In  1834  an  ayuntam 
iento,  or  town  council,  was  formed,  consisting  of  an  Alcalde,  Regi- 
dores  and  a  syndic,  which  first  met  at  the  Presidio,  afterwards  at 
the  Mission.  Richardson  was  reinforced  by  Jacob  Leese,  an  Ameri- 
can from  Los  Angeles,  who  entered  into  the  same  business  as  the 
earlier  pioneer.  Terba  Buena,  so  called  from  an  herb-like  mint 
that  grew  plentifully  on  the  hills,  now  gradually  assumed  some 
commercial  importance.  Whalers  put  in  to  get  supplies,  and  Rus- 
sian vessels  from  Sitka  purchased  wheat  and  other  necessaries  from 
the  Mission  and  pueblos  to  the  extent  of  about  forty  thousand  dol- 
lars per  annum  in  value.  Jacob  Leese  arrived  in  Yerba  Buena 
July  1st,  and  on  July  4th,  with  the  help  of  the  captains  of  the 
whalers,  sailors,  native  ranchers,  and  others,  a  hundred  guests  in  all 
celebrated  the  day  in  good  style  in  the  embyro  city.  In  1837  the 
first  frame  house  was  erected,  on  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the  cor- 
ner of  Commercial  and  Montgomery  streets.  In  April  1838,  the 
first  white  child,  a  girl,  was  born  here. 

For  many  years  there  was  very  little  to  note  in  Yerba  Buena's 
history.  The  first  house  for  long  remained  solitary  and  alone  on 
the  hillside  overlooking  the  bay.  The  trade  invited  a  few  mer- 
chants who  grew  rich  bv  a  profitable  trade  in  these  commodities. 
Among  these  were  Mr.  Richardson,  already  noted,  William  Heath 
Davis,  and,  in  1838,  Nathaniel  Spear  and  William  S.  Hinckley. 
Mr.  Spear  was  the  first  to  catch  and  can  salmon  on  the  Sacramento. 
Messrs.  Spear  and  Hinckley  first  settled  in  Yerba  Buena  in  1838. 
In  1839  Captain  Sutter  arrived  at  the  little  village  in  the  "Clemen- 
tine." He  had  with  him  a  number  of  Swiss  and  Hawaiian?.  With 
William  Heath  Davis  he  started  up  the  Sacramento  and  established 
the  first  settlement  in  that  valley.  In  1840,  when  all  the  foreign- 
ers in  the  city  were  arrested  by  order  of  the  Mexican  government, 
there  were  only  twenty-five  of  them  all  told.  In  1840  Nathaniel 
Spear  established  his  headquarters  on  the  corner  of  Montgomery 
and  Clay  streets.  In  1841,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  as  already 
stated,  erected  a  warehouse.  John  J.  Bloget,  one  of  these  early 
business  men,  had  an  establishment  which  was    made    use    of    as    a 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  119 

sort  of  commercial  exchange  or  headquarters.  The  Hudson  Bay 
Company  sold  out  to  Howard  and  Melius.  Both  were  pioneer  mer- 
chants. Mr.  Howard,  after  whom  Howard  street  was  named,  may 
be  called  one  of  the  founders  of  San  Francisco.  Francisco  Guerrero, 
who  was  murdered  in  1851,  is  entitled  to  the  same  honor.  Guer- 
rero street  has  been  named  after  him.  The  house  of  Paty,  McKin- 
ley  &  Co.,  once  noted  here,  was  established  in  1843. 

There  was,  of  course,  no  comparison  between  the  price  of  real 
estate  then  and  now.  In  1835  lots  were  sold  at  about  25  cents  per 
vara — 331  inches — on  Clay,  Montgomery,  Kearny,  Dupont,  Wash- 
ington, Jackson,  Broadway  and  Pacific  streets.  Montgomery  street, 
in  the  early  days,  was  on  the  water  front.  In  1845  a  fifty-vara  lot 
would  sell  for  $12.50  on  Montgomery,  Market  or  Bush,  these  being 
considered  the  best  locations.  The  land,  however,  was  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  grant,  as  the  purchaser  was  required  to  fence  the  lot  and 
build  a  house  on  it  within  a  year,  or  his  title  would  be  forfeited. 
Lots  as  far  as  the  Chronicle  building,  that  now  command  from 
$3,000  to  $4,000  per  front  foot — fifty-vara  lots  were  sold  at  this 
figure.  The  final  location  of  the  city  of  Yerba  Buena  was  de- 
termined because  the  anchorage  in  front  of  the  Presidio  was  unsuit- 
able. The  exact  adoption  of  Yerba  Buena  as  a  proper  place  for 
shipping,  was,  however,  only  after  North  Beach  had  been  tried 
without  the  desired  result. 

The  Alcaldes  of  the  Mission  settlement  during  the  ensuing  nine 
years  made  eighty-three  grants  of  land  in  Yerba  Buena,  of  which 
forty-nine  were  to  Americans  or  Englishmen.  Thus  even  before 
the  American  occupation  Yerba  Buena  or  San  Francisco,  was  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  an  American  town.  The  first  mill,  a  grist 
mill,  was  erected  here  in  1839.  It  arrived  on  the  "Corsair."  It 
was  put  up  on  the  north  side  of  Clay  street  between  Kearny  and 
Montgomery.  It  was  worked  by  six  mules  and  made  from  twenty 
to  twenty-five  sacks  of  flour  each  day.  In  1840  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  established  a  depot  at  Yebra  Buena  and  soon  drove  the 
Americans  out  of  the  hides,  tallow  and  other  trades.  Its  supre- 
macy was,  however,  temporary  only,  for  in  1844  it  disappeared  from 
the  scene.  In  the  same  year  the  number  of  houses  was  only  fifteen. 
About  this  time  Captain  Paty  started  a   line  of  packets  between 


120  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

San  Francisco  and  Honolulu.  In  this  year  the  first  steamer  was 
seen  at  San  Francisco.  It  was  built  by  the  Russians  at  Sitka  in 
in  what  is  now  Alaska,  and  towed  to  Bodega  River.  Civilized  man 
has  been  on  these  shores  over  sixty-seven  years,  an  infiltration  of 
American  blood  has  made  its  presence  felt,  and  we  are  rapidly  ap- 
proaching 1848,  the  year  of  gold  and  revolution,  and  in  California 
also  the  area  of  the  Argonauts.  Many  nations  had  long  looked  on 
the  wonderful  land  with  a  longing  eye.  Tears  before  the  Russians 
had  a  settlement  at  Russian  River,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  they  afterwards  abandoned.  In  the  United  States  it 
was  only  looked  upon  as  a  question  of  time  when  there  should  be 
added  to  its  domain  the  fairest  region  of  the  new  world.  A  steady 
stream  of  emigrants,  principally  from  Missouri,  but  from  all  the 
States  and  from  all  nations,  poured  into  California  for  the  next  four 
years.  Between  this  time  and  the  annexation  of  the  country  to  the 
United  States.  Freemont  led  an  expedition  into  it  which  bore  a 
hostile  attitude  toward  the  Mexicans,  while  the  "Bear  Flag"  party 
revolted  and  proceeded  to  declare  the  independence  of  the  country. 

An  American  City. 

On  the  7th  of  June,  1864,  Commodore  Sloat  heard  of  the  war 
with  Mexico,  and  on  July  23d,  arriving  at  Monterey,  took  posses- 
sion in  the  name  of  the  United  States,  The  American  flag  was 
hoisted  at  Yerba  Buena  by  Captain  Montgomery  of  the  "Ports- 
mouth" in  the  same  month.  For  two  years  a  desultory  war  fol- 
lowed, but  San  Francisco  was  beyond  its  reach.  Yerba  Buena,  as 
it  was  still  called,  had  been  mainly  American  in  population  and 
soon  became  the  center  of  American  activity  in  California  and  from 
that  time  grew  rapidly  in  importance.  The  Mexican  Alcade  at  the 
Mission  Dolores  was  set  aside  and  Washington  A.  Bartlett,  a  lieu- 
tenant on  the  "Portsmouth,"  was  appointed  in  his  stead,  and,  as 
remarks  a  writer  of  the  history  of  San  Francisco,  "undertook  to 
administer  Mexican  law  as  interpreted  by  American  whims."  Soon 
after  the  occupation  the  advent  of  a  strange  vessel  full  of  people 
caused  great  excitement  in  the  town.  It  was  not  an  enemy,  but 
was  found  to  be  the  "Brooklyn"  with  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
emigrants,  principally  Mormons,  who   had   come  here   to  set  up  a 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  121 

State  of  their  own  under  the  shadow  of  the  American  flag.  Great 
was  their  dismay  to  find  that  the  flag  of  Mexico  had  floated  here 
for  the  last  time.  Sam  Brannan  was  their  leader.  He  had  pub- 
lished a  Mormon  sheet  in  New  York  and  had  brought  presses  and 
type  with  him  to  set  up  again  the  standard  of  Mormonism  in  the 
wilderness.  Most  of  the  men  had  to  enlist  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  and  all  settled  for  a  time  in  Yerba  Buena,  which 
was,  for  a  while  at  least,  a  preponderatingly  Mormon  settlement. 
On  the  9th  of  January,  1847,  Brannan  commenced  the  publication 
of  the  California  Star,  a  weekly  paper,  and  the  avant  courier  of 
journalism  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  the  same  month  the  name  of 
Yerba  Buena,  now  applied  to  an  island  in  the  harbor,  was  dropped, 
and  by  a  decree  of  Alcalde  that  of  San  Francisco  substituted.  In 
March  of  the  same  year  Stevenson's  regiment  of  volunteers  ar- 
rived from  New  York  and  added  still  more  to  the  population  and 
wealth  of  the  embryo  metropolis.  In  April  of  this  year  the  town 
boasted  seventy-nine  buildings,  of  which  forty-three  were  frame 
and  thirty-six  adobe. 

General  Kearney  in  the  same  month  issued  a  decree  granting  to 
the  public  all  the  beach  and  water  lots  between  Clark's  Point  and 
Rincon  Point,  to  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  country.  Alcalde 
Bryant,  after  whom  Bryant  street  has  been  called,  had  them  sur- 
veyed by  Jasper  O'Farrell,  an  Irish  surveyor.  O'Farrell  street 
bears  his  name.  In  July  half  of  them  were  sold  at  rales  ranging 
from  $50  to  $600  each.  A  census  was  taken  in  the  same  month, 
disclosing  the  fact  that  the  population  was  459,  half  American  citi- 
zens, the  rest  being  Hispano-Californians,  Indians  and  Kanakas. 
And  now  came  the  time  when  California  was  to  be  opened  wide  to 
all  the  world  and  San  Francisco  as  her  commercial  metropolis  was 
to  take  rank  among  the  great  cities  of  the  earth.  This  was  the  era 
of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  which  was  to  revolutionize 
the  financial  world,  The  story  of  its  discovery  at  Coloma,  on  Jan- 
uary 19th,  by  James  W.  Marshall,  is  a  twice-told  tale.  The  news 
traveled  slowly.  Some  gold  had  been  found  in  California  beforev 
and  the  mission  fathers  knew  that  the  Sacramento  Valley  was  one 
of  the  most  promising  locations.  Indians  digging  up  roots  for  food 
were  the  first  discoverers,  and  picking  up  a  few  pieces  in  a  mill-race 


122  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

was  not  likely  to  attract  a  great  deal  of  attention.  It  was  not  till 
February  that  the  tidings  of  the  discovery  reached  San  Francisco, 
and  not  until  six  weeks  later  did  the  Star,  the  solitary  California 
representative  of  the  press,  take  any  particular  notice  of  it.  To- 
wards the  beginning  of  April  the  editor  of  that  paper,  with  a  few 
others,  visited  the  scene  of  the  discovery,  came  back,  and  declared 
the  whole  thing  a  sham.  Almost  at  the  very  date  of  this  pro- 
nouncement half  a  pound  of  gold  dust  was  offered  for  sale  in  the 
new  city  and  brought  eight  dollars  an  ounce.  Still  gold  continued 
to  be  taken  out  of  the  earth  and  one  after  another  went  to  the  dig- 
gings to  see  for  themselves.  They  found  the  shining  metal  and  soon 
the  embryo  city  was  emptied  of  its  inhabitants.  In  March  there 
were  eight  hundred  living  in  two  hundred  houses,  and  in  April  the 
first  public  school  was  opened.  By  the  middle  of  June  the  Star  had 
no  readers,  and  all  of  its  employees,  from  the  editor  to  the  devil, 
having  gone  to  the  diggings,  it  incontinently  suspended.  As  it 
said,  "The  whole  country  resounded  with  the  cry — 

'Gold!     Gold!'" 

But  slow  as  it  was  in  making  an  impression  in  San  Francisco  it 
made  this  up  by  the  rapidity  with  which  it  spread  to  the  outer 
world.  On  the  wings  of  the  wind  it  spread  to  the  ends  of  the  earth. 
The  immediate  result  was  the  almost  total  abandonment  of  San 
Francisco.  Town  lots  were  offered  for  little  or  nothing;  but  soon 
her  fortune  hanged.  Gold  hunters  had  to  live  and  San  Fran- 
cisco was  the  only  avenue  of  communication  with  the  outer  world. 
Soon  land  became  valuable  enough.  It  was  not  long  till  most  of 
the  population  of  California  was  centered  at  the  mines.  In  the  Fall 
they  came  trooping  from  Oregon  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Few 
or  none  remained  in  Yerba  Buena.  The  first  American  lady  arrived 
here  in  the  American  brig  "Eagle"  February  2d  of  this  year.  Octo- 
ber brought  gold  seekers  from  Mexico,  Peru  and  Chile.  Two  mill- 
ions of  dollars,  the  first  fruits  of  the  mines,  were  exported  in  1848. 
The  Baltimore  Sun  of  September  20th  published  the  news  and  by 
the  close  of  that  year  the  exodus  had  begun.  It  is  a  curious  com- 
mentary on  the  changes  that  have  occurred  everywhere  since 
that  news  which  would  now  be  flashed  around  the  world  in  a  single 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  123 

day  then  took  a  year  to  travel  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic.  A 
million  dollars  worth  of  goods  were  imported  this  year.  January, 
1849,  saw  ninety  vessels  with  8,000  men  from  Eastern  cities  all 
bound  for  San  Francisco,  thence  for  the  gold  fields.  Gold  dust, 
sixteen  dollars  an  ounce,  was  the  currency  of  San  Francisco. 

The  Collector  of  the  Port  on  November  13,  1849,  wrote  to  Wash- 
ington: "I  am  astounded  at  the  amount  of  business  done  at  this 
office.  Six  hundred  and  ninety-seven  vessels  arrived  within  seven 
and  a  half  months." 

At  this  time  board  without  room  was  five  dollars  per  day.  A 
small  room  rented  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  Wood  cost 
four  dollars  a  cord,  flour  forty  dollars  a  barrel,  pork  sixty  dollars  a 
barrel.  For  lack  of  storage  room  nineteen  vessels  were  employed  as 
warehouses.  At  the  same  time  beef  sold  at  seventy- five  cents  and 
one  dollar  per  pound.  In  this  year  thousands  of  cattle  fed  on  the 
Alameda  hills  and  men  in  small  boats  went  over  and  killed  them  at 
night. 

The  Golden  City  in  1849  attained  a  population  of  sixteen  thous- 
and. Its  citizens  were  coining  gold  in  their  several  avocations. 
Laborers  earned  part  of  the  time  sixteen  dollars  a  day,  during  the 
rest  of  the  year  eight  dollars  a  day.  The  first  brick  building  erected 
was  in  September,  1849,  by  W.  H.  Davis.  It  was  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Montgomery  and  California  streets,  and  was  leased 
to  the  Government  for  a  custom  house  at  $3,000  per  month.  It 
was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  May,  1851.  A  great  fire  in  De- 
cember almost  swept  the  new  city  out  of  existence.  During  that 
year  San  Francisco  gave  still  further  promise  of  its  importance  as  a 
Beaport,  for  not  less  than  five  hundred  and  forty-nine  vessels,  winged 
messengers  of  the  sea,  arrived  in  the  harbor,  that  previously  but  for 
an  occasional  whaler  or  vessel  to  carry  away  hides  and  tallow  was 
almost  unfurrowed  by  a  keel  and  as  lonely  as  a  lake  in  the  moun- 
tains. The  same  year  forty-one  thousand  people  arrived  overland 
and  the  population  of  California  increased  to  one  hundred  thousand 
mostly  employed  at  the  mines.  The  need  for  wharfage  accommoda- 
tions became  urgent  at  San  Francisco,  and  what  was  known  as  Long 
Wharf  was  built  extending  out  eight  hundred  feet  into  the  bay  to 
what  is  now  known  as  Front  street.     The  wharf  known  as  Central 


124  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

Wharf  was  located  where  Commercial  street  is  now.  it  started  a 
little  to  the  west  of  Sansome  and  ran  400  feet  into  the  bay,  Sub- 
sequently an  extension  was  made  to  Davis  street  and  finally  to 
Drumm.  The  first  section  cost  $110,000,  the  second,  $200,000.  C. 
V.  Gillespie  was  President  and  William  Heath  Davis,  Treasurer. 
From  eight  to  night  hundred  vessels  from  every  part  of  the  globe, 
between  Clarke's  Point  (Broadway  street)  and  Ptincon  (Harrison 
street)  were  anchored  east  of  it,  presenting  such  a  sight  as  the 
world  probably  never  saw  before  or  since. 

Where  once  this  wharf  was  is  now  dry  land  and  far  beyond  it. 
The  pioneer  of  ocean  steamships,  the  "California"  arrived  February 
28th  of  this  year,  having  R.  F.  Smith,  the  Collector  of  Customs, 
aboard.  In  March  the  steamship  "Oregon"  came  to  hand  from 
New  York  with  three  hundred  and  fifty  passengers.  On  August 
15feh  the  first  Protestant  church  was  dedicated.  It  belonged  to  the 
First  Baptist  Society.  In  October  steamers  began  to  make  regular 
trips  on  the  Sacramento.  A  little  steamboat  was  brought  out  in 
seotions  from  Boston.  Front  street  tells  the  first  advance  of  the 
city  on  the  bay,  but  now  Front  street  itself  is  far  from  the  waters, 
which  have  been  encroached  on  to  the  extent  of  three  quarters  of  a 
mile.  Here  business  block  after  business  block  extends,  and  Cali- 
fornia street,  the  first  part  of  it  reclaimed  from  the  bay,  is  built  up 
wherein  early  days  deep-water  vessels  rode  proudly  at  anchor. 
This  portion  is  now  devoted  to  commerce,  finance  and  manufac- 
tures, and  will  always  be  the  section  devoted  to  commercial  and 
financial  operations.  We  have  now  brought  the  story  of  our  city 
down  to  the  period  when  it  emerged  from  the  dim  twilight  of  the 
Hispano-Mexican  period  into  the  daylight  of  modern  civilization, 
and  became  known  of  all  lands  and  all  men. 

In  1850  San  Francisco  exported  gold  worth  $26,000,000.  Its 
population  was  30,000.  Two  great  conflagrations,  each  involving 
the  loss  of  millions,  took  place  that  year.  In  1851,  in  May,  came 
the  great  tire  which  destroyed  property  worth  $7,000,000.  The 
burned  district  was  three-quarters  of  a  mile  long,  and  at  one  time 
presented  the  appalling  spectacle  of  almost  a  mile  of  flames  fanned 
by  a  high  wind.  But  misfortunes  never  come  alone.  Another 
great  fire  came  in  June  and  the  people  began  to  think  of  removing 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  125 

from  the  unfortunate  city.  They,  however,  took  the  sober  second 
thought  and  remained.  There  were  no  more  really  great  fires,  and 
our  city  continued  to  advance  steadily  in  population  and  import- 
ance despite  the  fact  that  in  little  more  than  a  year  fifteen  millions 
of  property  had  become  the  prey  of  the  devouring  flames.  The  first 
Directory  was  now  published.  In  1853  the  San  Francisco  Gas 
Company  was  laying  pipes  and  building  its  works.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  trace  the  city's  growth  historically  much  further.  In  1860 
the  population  had  grown  to  56,802,  and  in  1870  to  149,473,  in 
1880  it  reached  233,950,  and  is  to  day,  although  the  census  figures 
are  smaller,  reckoned  at  360,000.  Several  thousand  new  blocks 
and  houses  have  been  built  within  its  precincts  during  the  past  six 
years,  and  through  dull  times  as  well  as  those  of  activity  the  move- 
ment has  never  slackened.  The  system  of  cable  roads,  which  was 
first  placed  at  the  service  of  civilization  in  this  city  in  1872,  has 
greatly  conducted  in  this  steady  and  remarkable  growth.  By  it 
the  more  remote  portions  of  the  peninsula  on  which  the  city  is 
built  were  easily  rendered  accessible.  It  became  possible  to  travel 
two  to  three  miles  from  the  commercial  center  of  the  city  in  twenty 
minutes  to  half  an  hour,  and  new  streets  were  opened,  while  new 
blocks  of  buildings  sprung  up  as  if  by  magic.  There  is  now  a  net- 
work of  electric  and  cable  lines  in  San  Francisco  and  many  more  are 
projected.  The  gold  and  silver  of  the  coast  has  been  lavishly  spent  in 
building  up  the  city  and  in  providing  the  fortunes  of  its  million- 
aires. The  combined  product  of  both  precious  metals  has  reached 
an  amount  estimated  at  two  and  a  quarter  billion  of  dollars,  most 
of  the  profits  on  which  have  been  contributed  to  enrich  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  has  been  the  great  heart  and  center  of  silver  mining  no 
less  than  that  of  gold,  and  the  silver  era  was  in  its  way  of  as  ro- 
mantic interest  and  of  great  practical  results  as  that  of  gold.  In 
1863  shares  in  the  silver  mines  of  the  Oomstock  were  at  fabulous 
prices,  from  one  thousand  dollars  each  in  Choliar  to  six  thousand 
three  hundred  dollars  in  Gould  &  Curry.  In  1869  some  ore  at 
White  Pine  yielded  ten  thousand  dollars  a  ton.  In  1874  the 
Crown  Point  and  Belcher  mines  were  in  the  heyday  of  their  glory. 
In  three  years  they  had  yielded  forty  millions  of  dollars,  but  a 
much    greater  mine  was  to  eclipse  them  and  to  remain  to  the  pres- 


126  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

ent,  as  far  as  is  known,  the  greatest  heard  of  in  history  or  even  in 
tradition.  There  have  been  mines  in  Mexico  and  Bolivia,  the 
grand  aggregate  of  which  was  larger  but  none  that  yielded  such 
amazing  results  in  such  a  short  space  of  time.  In  May,  1874,  it 
gave  dividends  of  $300,000  per  month.  Being  examined  by  ex- 
perts it  was  declared  that  the  ore  body  in  sight  was  worth  a  billion 
and  a  half  dollars.  Under  the  stimulus  given  by  this  the  value  of 
the  shares  in  the  mines  in  the  San  Francisco  market  advanced  a 
million  dollars  a  day  for  about  two  months.  This  mine  was  next 
divided  into  two,  the  Consolidated  Virginia  and  the  California, 
with  over  half  a  million  shares  in  each.  They  were  owned  prin- 
cipally by  Flood,  O'Brien,  Mackay  and  Fair,  whose  names  have 
become  renowned  throughout  the  earth  for  their  riches.  For  two 
years  a  steady  stream  of  wealth  from  the  mines  flowed  into  San 
Francisco  to  the  extent  of  over  one  hundred  and  twelve  million 
dollars.  The  Stock  Exchange  became  a  recognized  institution  and 
thousands  were,  some  of  them  in  a  day,  elevated  from  poverty  to 
wealth.  The  picture  has  had  a  reverse  side,  and  shares  during  the 
past  few  years  have  sold  as  low  as  half  a  dollar  each.  Such  are 
the  fluctuations  of  mining  stocks;  but  whatever  fate  betide  particu- 
lar industries,  San  Francisco  does  not  cease  to  progress. 

Her  capitalists  are  making  vast  combinations  of  capital  to  de- 
velop the  great  industries  of  the  State. 

CALIFORNIA  IRON  AND  IRON  INDUSTRIES. 

Upon  the  development  of  her  iron  deposits  will  depend  the  future 
greatness  of  California  commerce.  California  has  within  her  borders 
some  of  the  best  iron  in  the  world.  The  ores  of  Shasta,  Placer  and 
Madera  especially  cannot  be  surpassed,  but  difficulties  as  to  trans- 
portation and  fuel  have  always  prevented  their  utilizations  to  any 
extent.  Years  ago  the  iron  of  Clipper  Gap,  Placer  County,  had  a 
prominent  place  in  this  market  and  some  of  the  capitalists  of  our 
earlier  days  such  as  A.  P.  Hotaling  and  others  put  a  good  deal  of 
money  into  the  business.  But  the  causes  just  mentioned  prevented 
the  permanent  utilization  of  the  deposits  and  the  attempt  resulted 
in  loss  to  all  concerned.     Since  that  time  iron  from  California  ores 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  127 

has  been  utilized  occasionally  as  by  the  Pacific  Boiling  Mills  in 
some  of  the  work  on  the  New  City  Hall.  But  the  matter  has 
attracted  the  attention  of  prominent  Pacific  Coast  and  Eastern  cap- 
italists during  the  past  few  years  and  many  propositions  for  the  ex- 
ploitation of  our  iron  ores  and  their  conversion  into  iron  and  steel 
have  been  considered.  In  1900,  there  were  hundreds  of  locations 
made  in  Shasta  which  were  all  bought  by  parties  supposed  to  repre- 
sent a  great  Eastern  combination.  And  from  what  has  happened 
in  copper  we  know  that  it  only  requires  capital  and  energy  to 
develop  the  resources  of  these  counties  properly. 

The  steadily  increasing  use  of  iron  through  the  ages  has  marked 
the  progressive  advance  of  civilization  and  to-day  the  iron  industry 
leads  every  other.     Upon  the  development  of  her  iron  resources 
depends    California's   progress  and    with  it  she  will  command   the 
wealth  and  commerce  of  the  Pacific  and  assert  her  mastery  over  its 
destinies.     Decidedly  the  finest  iron  ore  yet  discovered  in  America 
is  that  found  in  the  seven  peaks  of    the  Minarets  in  the  East  of 
Madera  County.     It  has  assayed  94  per  cent    magnetic  iron  and 
none  of  it  has  gone  below  64  per  cent , which  is  the  highest  of  Lake 
Superior  ore.     It  was  discovered  in  1892.     The  peaks  are  in  places 
a  complete  mass  of  almost  pure  iron  and  it  is  claimed  that  there  is  ! 
practically  no  limit  to  the  quantity  that  can  be  obtained.     A  com- 
pany with  a  large  capital  has  been  formed  to  work  the  property, 
the  title  to  which  has  been  already  acquired.     Surveys  for  a  rail-, 
road  have  been  completed  and  every  preparation  made  to  bring  the 
product  to  San  Francisco  Bay  and  start  one  of  the  greatest  steel ; 
plants  in  the  world.     The  location  of  this  will  probably  be  at  Oak- 
land so  that  its  products  can   be  distributed  over  every  part  of   the  j 
Pacific  Coast  by  rail  and    by  sea  to  every  county  bordering   on  the] 
Pacific  Ocean. 

THE  NICARAGUA  CANAL. 

Almost  ever  since  Balboa  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean  the  pro- 
ject of  a  canal  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  making  a  long  detour 
north  or  south,  has  been  the  grand  desire  of  navigators.  Indeed 
America  was  discovered  in  the  attempt  to  find  a  short  passage  to, 
the  Indies  and  the  existence  of  the  great  continent  stretching  north 


128  CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS. 

and  south,  how  far  no  one  could  tell,  gave  rise  to  considerable  dis- 
appointment in  the  minds  of  those  more  immediately  interested. 
The  discovery  of  Peru  with  what  was  then  deemed  its  illimitable 
wealth  in  gold  and  silver  and  the  exploitation  of  the  riches  of  Mex- 
ico for  a  time  made  people  forget  the  importance  of  having  a  water 
way  across  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  but  interest  was  not  lost  in  the 
subject.  Hence  the  attempts  for  several  centuries  to  discover  a 
northwest  passage  from  western  Europe  to  the  Indies.  The  failure 
of  these  attempts  directed  the  attention  once  more  to  Panama  and 
a  century  ago  the  matter  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Court  of 
Spain,  and  was  investigated  by  no  less  a  personage  than  the  re- 
nowned traveller,  naturalist  and  geographer,  Humboldt.  The  war 
of  Revolutionary  France  and  the  efforts  of  Spanish- America  to  «ast 
off  the  yoke  of  the  old  country  caused  the  matter  to  be  in  a  measure 
forgotten.  But  the  success  of  de  Lesseps  in  the  construction  of  the 
Suez  Canal  led  him  to  plan  a  similar  canal — a  sea  level  one  to  con- 
nact  the  two  oceans  by  way  of  Panama.  The  failure  of  that  pro- 
ject is  now  a  matter  of  history.  While  the  interest  in  the  Panama 
Canal  was  at  its  highest,  Captain  W.  L.  Merry  began  to  agitate  the 
construction  of  a  lock  canal  by  way  of  the  River  San  Juan  and  Lake 
Nicaragua.  There  was  comparatively  little  attention  paid  to  his 
efforts  in  the  beginning  but  he  possessed  the  gift  of  unflagging  per- 
severance and  when  it  became  evident  that  the  Panama  Canal 
scheme  was  a  failure,  the  Nicaragua  plan  gained  in  public  favor 
until  at  last  its  construction  became  a  matter  of  public  policy.  The 
construction  of  the  Canal  is  now  assured  and  without  doubt  nine- 
teen hundred  and  eleven  will  see  vessels  pass  through  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.  The  cost  of  the  canal  may  be  given  at  two 
hundred  million  dollars.  It  will  follow  the  course  of  the  River  San 
Juan  as  nearly  as  possible  to  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  from  that  to 
Brito  on  the  Pacific.  It  cuts  the  distance  between  New  York  and 
San  Francisco  in  half;  it  lessens  the  voyage  between  New  York  and 
Liverpool  and  the  Orient  11,038  miles  and  between  these  ports  and 
San  Francisco  10,000  miles.  It  will  simply  revolutionize  the  com- 
merce of  the  world. 

As  regards  San  Francisco  it  will  bring  it  so  much  nearer  the 
world  of  commerce  and  civilization  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  129 

It  will  not  only  reduce  time  and  distance  but  also  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation and  will  make  San  Francisco  and  other  Pacific  ports  by 
preference,  ports  of  supply  for  all  the  Pacific  Coast  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  ocean  for  goods  manufactured  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  Then  our  wheat,  barley,  fruits  (canned  and  dried,)  wool, 
wine,  brandy,  borax,  and  lumber  can  be  carried  cheaply  to  all 
points  on  the  coasts  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in- 
cluding the  western  and  southern  coasts  of  Europe  and  all  the  coast 
of  Africa.  It  will  add  at  once  two  dollars  and  forty  cents  a  ton  to 
the  price  of  wheat  in  this  market. 

The  objection  is  frequently  made  that  it  will  injure  our  manufac- 
tures. This  objection  is  unfounded,  as  they  are  exposed  to  as  fierce 
a  competition  as  they  can  possibly  be  and  it  will  open  a  wider  mar- 
ket for  selling.  It  will  lower  the  cost  of  transportation  of  such  raw 
material  as  we  would  have  to  obtain  from  the  Atlantic  States  or  the 
south,  pig  iron  and  cotton,  for  instance. 

President  Newhall  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  says:  "Shortly 
after  the  Spaniards  acquired  Nicaragua  in  1542,  an  agitation  began 
for  artificial  communication  between  the  two  oceans. 

As  early  as  1529,  Balboa  took  up  the  matter. 

In  1534  Charles  V  sent  an  expedition  out  to  report  on  the  matter. 
The  report  was  against  it.  Then,  once  more,  in  1567,  Philip  II 
sent  an  expedition  which  made  another  adverse  report. 

Many  other  attempts  were  made  to  find  a  route  for  an  artificial 
passage  between  the  oceans.  In  1579  Drake  made  his  way  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  in  consequence  of  this  the  Spanish  established 
trade  on  the  San  Juan  River  and  via  Lake  Nicaragua. 

In  about  1655  the  British  Government  took  a  hand  in  the  matter. 

From  1790  to  1804  Humboldt  made  many  explorations  and  in- 
vestigations of  the  various  routes  between  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Pacific, 

About  1825  the  United  States  Congress  thought  it  their  duty  to 
see  what  they  could  do  in  the  matter.  Mr.  Clay — also  then  Secre- 
tary of  State,  ordered  an  examination  of  the  Nicaraguan  Route. 

In  1847  the  British  Government  again  attempted  to  control  this 
route. 

In   1840  Mr.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  and  his  associates  received 


130  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

a  concession  from  the  Nicaraguan  Government,  but  by  the  inter- 
ference of  the  British  Government  nothing  was  accomplished. 

The  voyage  of  the  "Oregon  "  around  Cape  Horn  was  one  of  the 
most  striking  illustrations  of  the  necessity  of  a  canal,  because,  if  the 
"Oregon"  had  only  been  able  to  get  to  the  other  side  sooner,  we  in 
California,  believe  that  with  the  aid  of  this  wonderful  fighting  ma- 
chine, built  by  our  friends  the  Union  Iron  Works  (whom  I  believe 
claim  to  be  the  only  first-class  builders  in  the  world)  the  war  with 
Spain  would  have  been  ended  in  a  much  shorter  time  and  our  vari- 
ous war  heroes  would  not  have  had  as  many  opportunities  to  try 
and  discover  who  really  did  the  fighting. 

I  would  call  your  attention,  to  the  fact  that  the  distance  from 
New  York  to  San  Francisco  via  Oape  Horn  is  over  14,000  miles, 
and  via  the  Nicaragua  Canal,  the  distance  between  the  same  points 
would  be  something  like  5,000  miles — a  saving  of  some  9,000.  An- 
other very  important  distance  which  1  wish  to  call  your  attention  to 
is  from  New  York  to  the  Philippine  Islands,  which,  via  the  Nicara- 
gua Canal  would  be  11,700  miles  and  via  the  Suez  Canal  i3  some 
11,500  or  merely  a  difference  of  200  miles." 

OUR  TRADE  WITH  THE  ORIENT. 

Owing  to  its  situation,  San  Francisco  is  the  natural  entrepot  of 
the  trade  of  North  and  South  America,  with  the  Orient  and  also 
since  the  transcontinental  railroads  have  bridged  the  continent,  of 
that  of  Western  Europe  as  well;  that  is  to  say,  in  the  future  much 
of  that  trade  will  pass  this  way.  The  trade  of  the  Pacific  is  now 
estimated  in  round  numbers  at  $2,500,000,000  and  is  bound  to  in- 
crease largely  in  the  future.  Of  most  of  this  trade  San  Francisco 
must  be  the  center.  A  great  part  of  it  will  arise  from  the  start- 
ing of  industrial  establishments  on  the  shore  of  San  Francisco 
Bay,  a  market  for  which  will  be  found  all  over  the  countries  on  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific.  The  population  of  these  countries  embraces 
at  present,  stated  roughly,  500,000,000  or  ^  of  the  human  race. 
Our  share  in  the  trade  of  the  Orient  has  increased  but  slowly,  but 
it  has  increased  as  the  following  table  of  exports  will  show: 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  131 

1873  1901 

China $1,569,067  $5,583,233 

Japan 715,688  3,330,581 

Philippines 64,440  939,185 

East  Indies 148,966 

Korea,' 60,206 

The  folio  wing  4table  gives  in  detail  the  various  ports,  etc.,  in  the 
East  Indies  where  shipments  were  made  last  year  : 

Singapore 49, 187 

Columbo  , .  5,360 

Delhi 315 

Bombay 4,661 

Calcutta 15,873 

Madras 1,S43 

Kurrachee ,  2, 352 

Rangoon 1 ,  822 

Mandalay 880 

Batavia 14,600 

Samarang 8,267 

Sourabaya 8,022 

Penang 9,948 

Palembang 774 

Padang 929 

Borneo,  not  specified 18J 

Sumatra         "         1,092 

Medau ..  745 

Oleleh  , li»8 

Benjarmassin 51 

Macao 81 

RAILROADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

The  first  railroad  from  San  Francisco  was  built  in  1863-4  be- 
tween this  city  and  San  Jose  by  Peter  Donahue.  In  1855  a  road 
was  built  from  Sacramento  to  Folsom.  This  humble  beginning  was 
the  foundation  of  the  present  magnificent  system.  The  plan  of  the 
Central  Pacific  which  with  the  Union  Pacific,  and  its  Eastern  connec- 
tions, has  bridged  the  continent,  was  devised  in  Sacramento  in  1859 
by  Leland  Stanford,  Oollis  P.  Huntington,  Charles  Crocker  and 
Mark  Hopkins.  These  gentlemen  put  all  their  means  into  the  new 
road  and  attracted  sufficient  capital  to  insure  its  completion.  The 
idea  of  a  transcontinental  road  did  not  originate  with  them  but  they 


132  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

were  the  first  to  reduce  theory  to  practice.  The  work  of  building 
the  road  was  herculean  and  its  proper  financering  in  those  days  al- 
most an  impossibility,  but  they  victoriously  overcame  all  obstacles 
and  the  building  of  the  road  will  always  render  their  names  im- 
perishable. The  road  was  completed  on  May  10th,  1869.  The 
Southern  Pacific  was  started  in  1875  and  completed  to  New  Or- 
leans, thus  forming  another  link  with  the  outside  world.  Branch 
roads  were  added  from  time  to  time  and  independent  roads  were 
built  in  the  lumber  districts  and  mining  sections.  Claus  Spreckels 
built  a  competing  road  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  which  was  subse- 
quently purchased  by  the  Santa  Fe.  Both  systems  were  purchased 
by  an  Eastern  syndicate  after  the  death  of  C.  P.  Huntington  and 
now  form  in  conjunction  with  the  Union  Pacific  and  other  roads, 
one  of  the  great  Railroad  systems  of  the  world.  To  the  north  of 
the  Bay  the  California  Northwestern  Railway  was  originally  started 
by  Peter  Donahue  and  the  North  Pacific  Coast  Railway  by  J.  B. 
Stetson  and  his  confreres.  This  latter  has  been  purchased  by  an 
electric  light  syndicate  and  will,  with  perhaps  the  California 
Northwestern  Railway,  form  one  of  the  great  systems  of  the  State. 
During  the  past  couple  of  years  many  short  roads  have  been  con- 
structed in   the  oil  sections  of  the  state. 

Reports  of  Railroad  Companies  for  Years  Ending  June  30,  1901 — 

miles 

Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  of  California 3,408.59 

Central  Pacific  Railway  Company 750.31 

South  Pacific  Coast  Railway  Company 101.096 

Southern  California  Railway  Company 487.37 

Santa  Fe  Pacific  Railroad  Company 9.67 

San  Francisco  &  San  Joaquin  Valley  Railway  Company     374.97 

California  Northwestern  Railway  Company 165.52 

California  Eastern  Railway  Company 29.44 

North  Pacific  Coast  Railroad  Company 94.00 

Pacific  Coast  Railway  Company 84.88 

Nevada-California-Oregon  Railway 101.43 

Eel  River  and  Eureka  Railroad  Company 25  00 

Nevada  County  Narrow  Gauge  Railroad  Company. . . .         22.50 

Sierra  Railway  Company  of  California 67.80 

Los  Angeles  &  Redondo  Railway  Company 17.70 

National  City  &  Otay  Railway  Company 26.90 

San  Diego,  Cuyamaca  &  Eastern  Railway  Company. .  .         25.37 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  133 

San  Diego,  Pacific  Beaeh  &  La  Jolla  Railway  Company  13.54 

Yreka  Railroad  Company 7.5 

Crescent  City  &  Smith  River  Railroad 15.25 

Alameda  &  San  Joaquin  Railroad  Company 42. 10 

Areata  $;  Mad  River  Railroad  Company 20.25 

Colusa  and  Lake  Railroad  Company 22.00 

Pajaro  Valley  Consolidated  Railroad  Company 34.90 

The  Pacific  Lumber  Company 7. 90 

McCloud  River  Railroad  Company 30.63 

Iron  Mountain  Railway  Company 11.00 

Mill  Valley  &  Mount  Tamalpais  Scenic  Railway 8.19 

Randsburg  Railway  Company 29.66 

San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake  R.  R.  Co 49.20 

Total 6084.666 

OUR  BANKS 

The  banking  system  of  California  is  one  of  the  soundest  in  the 
world.  In  the  early  days  of  the  State,  it  was  very  indifferent  in- 
deed, but  those  old  days  have  been  left  behind  by  an  interval  of 
over  thirty  years.  Our  currency  system  is  and  always  has  been  on 
a  gold  basis,  even  during  the  darkest  days  of  the  civil  war.  Of 
course  this  has  been  eminently  fitting  in  a  State  where  the  whole 
industrial  system  was  established  on  the  basis  of  gold  mining.  It 
is  true  that  the  National  banking  system  has  been  successfully  in- 
troduced and  that  it  is  growing  stronger  every  year,  but  the 
National  banks  of  the  State  are  as  truly  gold  banks  as  any  other. 
The  growth  of  our  banking  system,  especially  during  these  late 
years,  has  been  truly  wonderful  and  the  year  1901  has  beat  the 
record.  The  figures  which  we  offer  show  an  in  crease  of  $50,341,501 
in  resources,  $40,281,715  in  deposits  and  $1,477,207  in  capital.  In 
1890  our  banking  resources  were  $261,353,268,  deposits  $171,229,- 
531  and  capital  $56,628,552. 

The  prosperity  of  our  banks  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  during  the 
year  which  ends  near  the  close  of  the  calendar  year,  the  Bank  of 
California  made  33  per  cent,  in  round  numbers  on  its  capital  and 
paid  16  per  cent,  in  dividends.  It  could  have  paid  double  the 
amount.     The  Anglo-Californian  Bank,  The  First  National  Bank 


134  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

and  others  paid  large  dividends  and  carried  large  amounts  to  their 
reserve  fund. 

In  the  Savings  Bank,  the  resources  have  been  increasing  at  an 
unprecedented  rate.  The  Hibernia  Savings  and  Loan  Society  have 
resources  of  $53,894,409.14  and  deposits  of  $50,763,010.86,  the 
greatest  outside  of  New  York  Oity,  the  German  follows  it  up 
with  $32,954,377.56  resources  and  $30,766,038.77  deposits. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  COMMERCIAL  BANKS. 

Following  is  a  statement  of  the  condition  for  December  31,  1901, 
of  the  seventeen  State  commercial  banks  of  San  Francisco: 

Kesources — 

Bank  premise s $2, 1 26,229.37 

Other  real  estate 2,60^,240.32 

Bonds  and  stocks 6,690,196.83 

Loans  on  real  estate 4,023,116.79 

Loans  on  stocks,  bonds 17,465,S07.43 

Loans  on  other  securities   . .   6,265,653.98 
Loans  on  personal  security.   19,661,569.48 

Money  on  hand 11,993,761.60 

Due  from  banks 18,482,562.91 

Other  assets 870,628.22 

Total  resources. $90,185,766.73 

Liabilities — 

Capital  paid  in $9, 267, 962. 54 

Reserve  fund,  etc 14.432,078. 72 

Due  depositors 55,545,547.72 

Due  banks 8,130,414.36 

Other  liabilities 2,809,763.39 

Total  liabilities $90,185,766.73 

The  deposits  in  these  banks  show  a  gain  of  $9,274,810.52  for  the 
year. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  SAVINGS  BANKS. 

Following  is  a  statement  of  the  condition  for  December  31,  1901, 
of  the  nine  Savings  banks  of  San  Francisco: 

Resources — 

Bank  premises $1,733,223.50 

Other  real  estate 5,525,145.21 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  135 

Bonds  and  stocks  60,939,443.65 

Loans  oa  real  estate 63,550,516.93 

Loans  on  stocks  and  bonds..  5,111,289.20 

Money  on  hand 3,849,478.50 

Due  from  banks 2,462,637.31 

Other  assets 353,262.09 

Total  resources $143,524,996.39 

Liabilities — 

Capital  paid  in $  4,050,000.00 

Reserve  fund,  etc 5,835, 358.02 

Due  depositors 133,430,482.77 

Other  liabilities 209, 155.60 

Total  liabilities $143,524,996.39 

The  deposits  in  the  above  banks  show  a  gain  of  $8,850,047.96 
for  the  year. 

Following  is  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  303  banks  in 
operation  in  California  at  the  close  of  1901,  the  Nationals  returning 
for  December  10  and  the  State  banks  for  December  31,  1901: 

Resources — 

Bank  premises .$  7,904,911 

Other  real  estate 17,597,869 

Bonds  and  stocki 96,453,819 

Real  estate  loans 1 10,072, 7S1 

Loans  on  other  security.  ...126,603,354 

Money  on  hand 31,498,930 

Due  from  banks 57,638,875 

Other  assets 4,460,028 

Total  resources $452,230,567 

Liabilities — 

Capital  paid  in $48,361,667 

Reserve,  undivided  profits. .   36,533,300 

Duo  depositors 335, 377, 660 

Due  banks 20,645, 104 

Public  money 857,990 

Notes  in  circulation 6, 197, 392 

Miscellaneous 4,257,454 

Total  liabilities $452,230,567 


136  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

INSURANCE 

The  insurance  business  done  in  this  State  is  very  large  including 
as  it  does,  that  of  a  considerable  part  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  which 
San  Francisco  is  the  headquarters.  The  total  fire  business  for  1901 
was  $520,400,648,  the  premiums  on  which  were  $7,522,401.88, 
while  the  losses  were  31.2  per  cent.  The  losses  of  State  companies 
were  27.5  per  cent,  those  of  foreign  companies  30.7  per  cent,  and 
those  of  companies  of  other  States  32.3  per  cent.  The  amount  of 
fire  business  written  for  this  State  in  1900  was  $394,273,089.  The 
premiums  was  $5,861,133  and  the  losses  41.9  per  cent.  There 
were  more  policies  written  than  in  any  other  year  in  the  history  of 
the  business,  while  the  losses  were  the  smallest  since  1891.  Statis- 
tics in  detail  are  as  follows: 

FIRE  INSURANCE. 

Amount  written $520,400,648.00 

Premiums  on  same 7,522,401.88 

Losses  paid.  , 2,344,581.05 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums. .  31.2 

MARINE    INSURANCE. 

Amount  written $214,252,950.00 

Premiums  on  same 1,802,525.31 

Losses  paid 978,308.20 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums.  .  54.3 

Apportioned  as  follows: 

TO  COMPANIES  OF  THIS  STATE. 

Fire  Insurance — 

Amount  written $36,802,397.00 

Premiums  on  same. 585,763.97 

Losses  paid   161,276.65 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums. .  27.5 

Marine  Insurance — 

Amount  written $31,230,644.00 

Premiums  on  same...., 315,962.30 

Losses  paid 176,208.76 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums. .  55.8 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  137 

TO  COMPANIES  OF  OTHER  STATES. 

Fire  Insurance — 

Amount  written $228,423,495.00 

Premiums  on  same 3,318,846.53 

Losses  paid 1,073,535.37 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums . .  32.3 

Marine  Insurance — 

Amount  written  $10,826,374.00 

Premiums  on  same 135,787.36 

Losses  paid 71,147.87 

Ratio  of  losses  to   premiums. .  52.4 

TO  COMPANIES  OF  FOREIGN   COUNTRIES. 

Fire  Insurance  — 

Amount   written   $255,174,756.00 

Premiums  on  same.. 3,617,791.38 

Losses  paid 1,109,769.03 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums. .  30.7 

Marine  Insurance — 

Amount  written $172,195,932.00 

Premiums  on  same 1,350,775.65 

Losses  paid 730,951.47 

Ratio  of  losses  to  premiums. .  54.1 

The  Life  business  has  been  unusually  prosperous.  There  are 
only  two  California  Life  companies  in  this  State,  the  Pacific  Mutual 
of  this  city  and  a  company  in  Los  Angeles,  The  business  done  by 
the  Pacific  Mutual  for  the  year  was  $2,362,000,  on  which  the 
premiums  were  $103,893.92.  The  policies  renewed  represent 
$8,197,800,  the  premium  $304,244.20.  The  Conservative  Life  Los 
Angeles,  had  policies  in  force  representing  $2,496,870.  The  Pa- 
cific Mutual  paid  $159,892  during  the  year.  The  total  new  policies 
written  in  1901  in  this  State  amounted  to  $32,950,280;  those 
renewed  $132,736,590;  total  in  force  Dec.  31st  $176,802,624,  besides 
$18,233,327  industrial. 

The  largest  transaction  in  insurance  ever  effected  in  this  State 
was  when  last  year  the  Pacific  Mutual  sold  for  a  sum  approximat- 
ing a  million  dollars  their  industrial  insurance  to  the  Metropolitan 
of  New  York. 

One  of  the  newest  and  most  beneficial  forms  of  insurance  is  that 
where   life   business   assumes   the   form   of  a  guarantee  to  a  man's 


138  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

creditors.  There  is  an  increasing  amount  of  money  invested  in 
this  description  of  insurance  which  is  simply  a  form  of  life 
insurance. 

BUILDING  AND  LOAN  ASSOCTAIONS. 

Up  to  May  31st,  the  time  of  the  annual  report  of  the  Commis- 
sioner, there  were  138  Building  and  Loan  Associations  in  the  State, 
to  which  there  were  added  3  before  the  report  was  sent  to  the 
Governor.     They  were  distributed  as  follows: 

Alameda 13 

Fresno 1 

Humboldt 1 

Kern 2 

Los  Angeles i 18 

Marin 3 

Merced 1 

Modoc 3 

Napa 1 

Orange 4 

Placer 1 

Riverside , 1 

Sacramento 2 

San  Bernardino 2 

San  Diego 3 

S  an  Francisco 64 

San  Luis  Obispo 1 

San  Joaquin 2 

San  Mateo 2 

Santa  Barbara 2 

Santa  Clara 6 

Solano 1 

Sonoma 3 

Tulare 3 

Ventura 3 

The  Building  and  Loan  methods  of  savings  is  growing  in  favor  in 
the  large  cities,  one  company  in  San  Francisco,  the  Continental, 
having  built  175  homes  of  the  990  in  the  State  during  the  past 
year. 

The  assets  of  the  Building  and  Loan  Associations  of  the  State 
in    1901    were  $17  881,576.70,  their  capitalization   $540,300,000. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  139 

The  number  of  shares  held  by  membei-s  was  4,580,500.  The 
year's  receipts  were  $12,900,212.40.  The  membership  was  46,561, 
the  number  of  borrowers  12,373.  The  number  of  houses  built  dur- 
ing the  year  was  990,  the  number  from  the  first  organizations  of 
these  societies  14,955. 

OUR  IMPORT  TRADE. 

San  Francisco's  import  trade  has  grown  steadily  since  the  era  of 
American  occupation,  although  owing  to  various  causes,  particularly 
the  methods  of  the  treasury  department,  it  has  sometimes  appar- 
ently retrograded.  For  instance,  all  the  teas  that  used  to  be  im- 
ported via  San  Francisco  were  entered  to  our  account,  as  also  all 
the  sugar,  no  matter  what  the  ultimate  destination,  but  now 
those  for  Eastern  ports  by  rail  are  credited  to  those  ports. 
For  the  past  year  thi3  makes  a  difference  of  many  millions 
of  dollars.  Then  too,  the  imports  of  every  description  from 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  are  now  reckoned  as  domestic.  Add- 
ing these  to  the  total,  this  makes  the  import  trade  of  San  Francisco 
for  1901  the  greatest  known  in  our  history,  giving  a  grand  total  of 
$54,433,275.  The  import  trade  as  entered  at  the  Custom  House 
was  valued  at  $37,382,022.  Our  foreign  imports  have  grown  as 
follows:  1850  $3,000,000,  (est.);  1857,  $6,397,354;  1870,  $19,733,- 
850;  1880,  £37,240,514;  1890,  $45,894,125;  1900,  $39,424,433,  or 
including  Hawaii  $45,000,00.  Our  imports  generally  consist  of 
free  goods  such  as  sugar,  coffee,  tea,  rice,  spice,  raw  silk,  raw  fibies, 
materials  for  fertilizing,  etc.,  dutiable  goods  of  wines  and  spirit*, 
dry  goods,  metals  and  manufactures  thereof.  The  Hawaiian 
Islands  used  to  be  the  principal  source  of  our  imports  but  now  the 
Orient  leads,  Japan  first,  then  China  followed  by  the  British  East 
Indies  and  then  by  Great  Britain  itself.  Our  special  domain,  how- 
ever, is  Pacific  commerce  as  all  others  amount  to  not  more  than 
about  17  per  cent,  leaving  Pacific  imports  as  83  per  cent  nearly. 

OUR  EXPORT  TRADE. 

It  is  the  custom  of  San  Francisco  to  reckon  everything  shipped 
by  sea,  even  to  Eastern  ports,  as  exports.  This  makes  the  total 
export  for  1901  $41,433,275  against  $35,684,537  for  1900:  Hawaiian 


140  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

Islands  not  included.  This  gives  an  increase  of  $5,748,738  for 
1901.  The  total  exports  for  these  two  years  including  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  were  $54,433,275  in  1901  and  $48,185,227  in  1900.  The 
exports  in  1901  were  therefore  the  largest  in  our  history.  The 
growth  of  our  export  may  be  shown  as  follows: 

1855 $  4,189,611 

1860 8,532,439 

1S70 17,84S,H  C 

1830 55,563,286 

1890 39,969,581 

*190L 54,433,275 

*Iucluding  Hawaiian  Isiaads 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  lead  in  our  export  trade, which  is  made 
up  principally  of  wheat,  barley,  salmon,  canned  fruit,  flour,  wine, 
etc.  The  Hawaiian  Islands  come  next  and  here  our  trade  is  made 
up  of  machinery,  general  merchandise  and  food  stuffs  of  every 
d  escription.  China  is  next  in  order,  then  Japan  and  Australia 
follow.  The  exports  to  the  Orient  consist  of  Eastern  goods  in 
transit,  while  about  40  per  cent  is  made  up  of  California  flour, 
m  achinery,  wine,  canned  fruits  and  vegetables,  provisions, 
salmon,  lumber,  etc.  To  Australia  and  New  Zealand  we  send 
salmon,  canned  and  dried  fruit;-,  lumber,  canned  vegetables,  ma- 
chinery, overalls  and  a  variety  of  rnif  cellar eous  merchandise.  To 
Mexico  and  Central  and  South  America  our  exports  are  of  a  varied 
character  but  flour,  lumber,  wine  and  quicksilver  are  the  leading 
articles.  A  large  proportion  of  Eastern  goods  in  transit  have, 
during  the  last  two  years  been  shipped  to  Australia  and  are  now 
going  to  Central  America,  especially  dry  goods  to  the  latter.  The 
trausit  trade  to  China  and  Japan  consists  principally  of  raw  cot- 
ton, domestics,  machinery  and  nails.  It  is  altogether  very  possible 
that  our  export  trade  will  grow  greatly  during  the  next  decade. 

The  starting  of  lines  of  steamships  to  South  American  ports  and 
to  Europe  have  already  given  it  a  great  impetus  to  exports  to  Chile, 
Peru  and  Ecuador. 

TONNAGE  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 
There  has  been  a  steady  growth    in  the    tonnage  engaged  in  our 
trade,  though    not  as  great  a3   might  be    expected,  owing    to  the 
peculiar   conditions  of    our  early  surroundings.     In  the  early  50's 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  141 

almost  everything  consumed  by  our  people  had  to  be  brought  here 
from  the  East  or  from  foreign  countries  and  our  poits  were  visited 
by  a  largo  number  of  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  As  we 
became  self-dependent  the  need  of  tonnage  to  carry  merchandise 
hither  fell  off  very  largely.  Hence,  though  the  tonnage  engaged  in 
the  trade  of  the  port  has  increased  it  has  not  shown  that  increase 
which  our  growth  as  a  State  would  seem  to  justify.  Then  the 
growth  of  our  trade  by  rail  with  the  East  also  militates  against  the 
increase  of  the  shipping  engaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  port.  The 
arrivals  of  1901  were:  Steam,  996,779  tons;  sail,  568,736  tons; 
total  1,565,515  tons;  departures — steam,  973,953  tons;  sail,  524,000; 
total  1,497,033  tons;  the  arrivals  in  1890  were  1,076,858  tons;  in 
1880,  827,704  tons;  in  1870,  395,949  tons;  departures  1890,  1,076,- 
848  tons;  1880,  785,301  tons;  1870,  573,582  tons.  Steam  tonnage 
was  as  follows:  1890,  arrivals,  470,348  tons;  1880,  arrivals,  827,- 
704  tons;  1870,  arrivals,  159,524  tons;  departures  1890,  459,635 
tons;  1880,  301,782  tons.  Steam  tonnage  therefore  makes  up  two- 
thirds  of  the  whole.  The  nationality  is  principally  American  and 
here  San  Francisco  leads  the  country  at  large  where  the  facts  are 
the  reverse  of  this.  During  the  past  two  years,  the  tonnage  of  the 
vessels  engaged  in    our  trade  has  increased  in  a  remarkable  degree. 


THE  CLEARING  HOUSE. 

The  San  Francisco  Clearing  House,  though  ostensibly  represent- 
ing San  Francisco  banks,  rtally  represents  those  of  the  whole  State 
and  is  the  best  indication  of  our  financial  progress.  The  year  1901 
has  been  the  banner  year  in  its  history.  The  clearings  have  been 
$1,178,169,736.30,  against  $1,029,582,594.78  in  1900,  an  increase 
of  about  15  per  cent,  while  1900  showed  an  increase  of  about  6  per 
cent  over  1899.  The  following  shows  the  record  of  the  past  twelve 
years. 

1890 $851,060,  72.60 

1891 892,426,712.41 

1892 815,36S,721.41 

1893 699,285,777.88 

1S94 658,526,806.13 


142  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

1895 692,079,240.22 

1896 683,229,599.26 

1897 750,789,143.91 

1898 813,153,024.00 

1899 971,015,072.23 

1900 1,029,582,594.78 

1901 1,178,169,736.30 

The  great  increase  of  1901  is  due  not  only  to  an  increase  of  trade 
in  almost  every  line  but  almost  to  the  development  of  the  mining 
— copper,  oil  and  lumber  interests  of  the  coast  especially.  The 
addition  to  our  capital  from  these  and  from  other  sources  cannct  be 
fairly  estimated  at  les3  than  $60,000,000  to  170,000,000,  part  of 
which  is  represented  in  our  increased  banking  resources  and  part  in 
the  payment  of  our  trade  balances  with  the  East. 

San  Francisco  has  a  high  place  amongst  the  commercial  cities  of 
the  country  when  judged  by  her  clearing  house  reports,  but  the 
atter  fail  to  show  the  true  statute.  Cash  payments  are  common 
here  where  in  the  East  payment  is  made  by  check  and  other  cir- 
cumstances tell  in  the  same  direction.  It  is  the  opinion  of  a  lead- 
ing banker  that  an  addition  of  at  least  thirty  per  cent  should  be 
made  to  the  figures  of  our  Clearing  House  so  as  to  rate  properly 
our  importance  as  a  commercial  and  financial  center.  If  we  had 
the  same  system  that  prevails  in  the  East,  the  bank  clearings  of 
the  year  would  reach  $1,500,000,000.  The  officers  of  the  Clearing 
House  are: 

President,  Thos.  Brown;  Vice  President,  H.  Wadsworth:  Secre- 
tary, Fred'k  W.  Zeile;  Manager,  Chas.  Sleeper. 

Clearing  Hou3e^Committee — Thos.  Brown,  Chairman;  Ign.  Stein- 
hart,  S.  G.  Murphy,  Wm.  H.  Crocker,  H.  M.  J.  McMichael,  Sec- 
tary. 

REAL  ESTATE. 

The  value  of  the  improved  and  unimproved  realty  in  the  State 
lor  1901  miybe  given  at  $1,133,784,410,  estimating  that  the  as- 
sessment roll  gives  60  par  cent  of  the  actual  value.  Of  this  great 
total  the  city  and  County  of  San  Francisco  gives  $320,745,280. 
the  value  of  realty  in  San  Francisco  varies  very  much,  but  in  Mar- 
ket Street  the   latest  sales   give  a  value  of  $4,000  per  front  foot  for 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  143 

that  portion  of  the  street  between  Fifth  street  and  the  water  front. 
The  value  of  country  lands  depends  on  location  and  character, 
ranging  from  $10  to  $300  per  acre,  the  latter  for  the  best  fruit 
lands.  Oil  lands  have  sold  at  fancy  prices.  Higher  figures  than 
those  here  given  have  been  obtained  and  doubtless  will  again  for 
tracts  of  exceptional  fertility.  Under  the  heads  of  the  various 
counties  further  particulars  will  be  found. 

In  San  Francisco  during  1901,  the  real  estate  sales  reached  a 
value  of  $29,147,969,  against  $18,527,814  in  1900,  an  increase  of 
60  per  cent  nearly.  Compared  with  1898,  they  nearly  trebled  in 
value,  the  figures  of  that  year  being  $10,747,102.  There  was  an 
especially  good  demand  last  year  for  residence  lots  and  sites  for 
factories. 

Alameda $48,312,625 

Alpine 143,960 

Amador 2,541,105 

Butte 8,643,484 

Calaveras 2,955,205 

Colusa 9,012,147 

Contra  Costa 8, 928,290 

Del  Norte 1,509,485 

El  Dorado 1,984,320 

Fresno 19,145,610 

Glenn 7,702,983 

Humboldt 12,430,028 

Inyo 873,609 

Kern 13,352, 562 

Kings 5,050,855 

Lake 1,997,135 

Las3en 1,610,540 

Los  Angeles 58,317,915 

Madera 3,751,325 

Marin 7,439,870 

Mariposa.. 1,421,687 

Mendocino 6,882,306 

Merced 9,447,007 

Modoc 1,253,685 

Mono 487,817 

Monterey 12,013,470 

Napa 5,757,405 

Nevada 2,743,560 


144  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Orange 6,806,895 

Placer 4, 1 62,405 

Plumas 1,235,685 

Riverside 6, 145,633 

Sacramento 19,]36,8SO 

San  Benito 4,095,760 

San  Bernardino 8,630,575 

San  Diego 11,576,509 

San  Francisco 192,447,170 

San  Joaquin 19,381,381 

San  Luis  Obispo 8,098,064 

San  Mateo 8,553,555 

Santa  Barbara 8,908,497 

Santa  Clara 32,042,965 

Santa  Cruz 6,483,880 

Shasta 4,257,684 

Sierra 985,370 

Siskiyou] 4,497,258 

Solano 10,934,513 

Sonoma 14,924,995 

Stanislaus 7,658,665 

Sutter 4,279,917 

Tehama 6,352,405 

Trinity 784,495 

Tulare 9,768,265 

Tuolumne 3,542,590 

Ventura 5,276,014 

Yolo   10,940,581 

Yuba 2,653,155 

Totals $680,270,651 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  145 

COUNTY  EXHIBITS. 

The  following  letters  give  in  detail  valuable  information   about 
the  counties  tbey  refer  to.     We  publish  them  as  received : 

RIVERSIDE. 
Dear  Sir: 

Replying  to  your  letter  of  the  11th  inst.  for  certain  data  regarding  River- 
side County,  I  can  give  you  the  following: 

Wheat 225,000  centals 

Birley 400,000       " 

Oats None 

Gold  and  Silver $175,000 

Oranges  and  lemons. .   6,200  car  loads 
Youis  truly, 

W.  W.  Phelps,  County  Clerk. 

SANTA  BARBARA. 
Dear  Sir: 

Your  inquiry  of  11th  inst.  addressed  to  the  County  Clerk  of   this  County, 
has  been  handed  by  him  to  me  for  reply. 

I  will  endeavor  to  give  as  faithfully  as  possible  the  various  productionsffor 
1901.     In  easel  have  to  refer  to  the  productions  of  other  years  I  will  so'state: 

Barley,  600,000  sacks  of  90  lbs.  each. 

Wheat.  300,000  sacks  of  90  lbs.  each. 

Oats,  134,000  sacks  of  90  lbs.  each. 

Hay,  60,000  tons. 

Lima  Beans,  12,600  sacks  of  80  lbs.  each. 

Other  beans,  204,000  sacks  of  55  lbs.  each. 

Sugar  Beets,  91,123  tons,  producing  100,000  sacks  of  sugar. 

English  mustard,  about  6,000,000  lbs. 

Potatoes,  about  100,000  bushels. 

Oranges,  $50,000  worth. 

Lemons,  $250,000  worth. 

Walnuts,  1,000  tons. 

Olive  oil,  36,000  bottles  of  one  quart  each.     A  very  large  quantity 
of  olives  have  been  pickled 

Butter,  $320,000  worth  sold. 

Poultry,  $70,000  worth  sold. 

Honey,  100  tons. 

Pampas  plumes,  1,000,000. 

Petroleum,  300,000  barrels. 

Wine,  45,000  gallons. 

Outlay  of  improvements  in  the  city  of  Santa  Barbara,  $800,C00. 


146  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

Cattle  sold,  22,000  head. 
Cows  Bold,  7,000  head. 
Calves  sold,  2,500  head. 
Hogs  sold,  4,500. 
Sheep  sold,  65,500  head. 
Horses  sold,  5,000  head. 
Mules  Bold,  1500  head. 
The  receipts  from  the  sales  of  stock  amounted  to  one   and   three   quarters 
million  dollars. 

I  have  been  unable  to  get  the  output  of  wool.     In   1900,  39  tons  were 
shipped  out  by  rail. 

I  trust  that  these  few  items  will  enable  you  to  give  Santa  Barbara  city  and 
county  a  fair  showing  in  your  forthcoming  publication. 

Very  truly  yours, 

C.  M.  Gidnkt,  Secy. 

SACRAMENTO. 
Dear  Sir: 

Your  favor  of  the  20  ult.  to  the  "  Bee  "  has  been  referred  to  this  office  and 
in  reply  I  beg  to  say  that  from  the  County  Assessors  book  I  find  the  acreage 
as  below: 
Wheat,  109,000;  oats,  93,000;  barley,  12,030;  corn,  1,000;  hay,  72,500. 
From  other  sources  I  find  the  products  to  be  in  sacks  as  follows: 
Wheat,  500,000;  barley,   170,000;  oats,   200,000;  corn,  16,000;  wine,  600,- 
000  gal.;   brandy,  50,000  gal;  beans,   1,000,000  sacks;    hops    10,800   bales; 
oranges  and  lemons,  about  140  cars. 

Very  truly  yours, 

M.  R.  Beard,  Secy. 

HUMBOLDT. 

Dear  Sir: 
Answering  your  specific  inquiries  of  the  10th  ult.  (directed  to  the  County 

Clerk  of  Humboldt  Co.),  I  give  you  the  following: 

Product  Acreage        Tons  Produced 

Wheat 750  1,125 

Barley 2,100  2,940 

Oats 7,0G0  8,400 

Corn 800  1,120 

Hay 23,000  35,000 

Beans,  not  produced  commercially — no  data. 

Wine  and  brandy  "  "     " 

Beet  Sugar,  not  produced. 

Borax  " 

Hops  "  commercially. 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  147 

Petroleum  not  produced  commercially. 
Flax  and  fibers     "  " 

Copper  "  " 

Coal  «■  " 

Lumber,  feet,  225,000,000  (190J). 
Wool,  lbs.,  850,000  (Average  of  the  last  5  years). 
Oranges  and  lemons,  not  produoed  commercially. 
Gold  (value),  $75,000. 
I  enclose  herein  a  condensed   table   of  the  actual   exports   of   Humboldt 
County  for  the  year  1900  (1901  not  being  yet  tabulated);  also  a  sheet  making 
explanation  of  the  various  items  where  they  are  condensed   or  thrown  to- 
gether. 

Yours  truly, 

Geo.  A.  Kellogg,  Secretary. 

EXPLANATION  OF  SOME  ITEMS  IN  REPORT  OF  HUMBOLDT  CO.  EXPORT!   FOR    1900. 

1.  "Animals  and  Animal  Products";  Includes  all  live  stock  shipped  from 
the  County  by  sea;  also  fresh  and  salt  meats,  lard,  tallow,  wool,  hides  and 
pelts,  game,  poultry,  etc. 

2.  "  Fruit;"  is  principally  grean  apples,  with  some  pears,  cherries,  and 
prunes. 

3.  "orain'';  is  nearly  all  oats,  with  a  little  barley. 

4.  "Vegetables  ;"  Made  up  mostly  of  potatoes  and  dried  peas. 

5.  "Manufactures";  375,000  lbs.  leather;  720,000  lbs.  excelsior;  bal- 
ance  miscellaneous  in  small  and  unimportant  items. 

HUMBOLDT  COUNTY  EXPORTS,    1900. 

From  the  Records  of  the  Humboldt  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Weight,  lbs.  Value  $ 

Animals  and  Animal  Products 7,862,210  397,700 

Butter,  cheese,  condensed  milk  and  cream  4,S52, 135  1,049,545 

Fish    302,800  7,810 

Fruit 3,830,800  56,200 

Grain 1,503,225  18,790 

Vegetables 2,377,010  26,940 

Manufactures 1,196,008  112,310 

Merchandise  and  household  goods 270,000  13,500 

Miscellaneous. 8,252,000  61,890 

Totals,  except  lumber  30,446,180  1,744,685 

Lumber,  all  kinds,  feat  162,635,560 484,089,900  2,242,520 

Grand  totals 514,536,050  3,987,205 

Weight  equivalent  to  short  tons 257,268 


148  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

LUMBER  EXPORTS,  PARTIAL  PETAIL. 

Description.                               Number.  Feet. 

Lumber 99,766, 348 

Shingles 477,018,000  47,701,800 

Shakes , 16,693,775  5,564,592 

Pickets 57,970  57,970 

Laths 15,000  2,500 

Posts.... 60,392  724,700 

Ties.    87,097  2,787,100 

Bolts,  cords 1,977  3,036,670 

Miscellaneous 2,993,880 

Total  feet  (as  above)  162,635,560 

Included  in  the  foregoing  Lumber  Exports  are  the  following: 

FOREIGN  LU1V  BER  EXPORTS. 

To                       Cargoes           Feet               Weight  Value 

Australia 14        7,911,252        27/89,382  $147,390  81 

Mexico 2           541,403          1,894,910  9,039.68 

China 1            361,196          1,264,186  6,862.72 

Central  America 1            204,672             716,352  2,786.55 


18        9,018,523        31,565,830        $166,079.76 
Hawaiian  Islands.... 34       10,334,199        33,748,647  153,440.93 


52       19,402,722        65,313,477        $319,520.69 

MOVEMENT  OF  VESS1L3,  TONNAGE  AND  PASSENGERS. 

Steam  Sail        Total  Tonnage      Passengers 

Arrived 414  169  583  238,419  8,368 

Departed 419  167  586  239,769  7,988 


Totals 833  336  1,169  478,188         16,355 

Geo.  H.  Kellogg,  Secretary 

KERN. 
Gentlemen: 

"Yours  of  the  17th  ult.  to  the  "Californian"has  reached  rr.y  hands  at  such  a 
date  that  I  fear  that  the  information  desired  will  be  of  little  avail.  The  date 
has  been  of  hasty  preparation  snd  is  of  railroad  shipments  alone — from 
Bakersfield,  Kern,  Tehachapi  and  Formosa. 

Lbs. 

Live  stock 22,480,000 

Hay 10,000,000 

Dried  FruiJs   1,860,000 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  149 

Potatoes 2,400,000 

Grain 480,000 

Wool 960,000 

Hides 16S.000 

Tall>w 72,000 

Honey . . . . 240,000 

Oranges 240,000 

Borax 1,800,000 

Lime 9,000,000 

Petroleum 3,926,350  bbls. 

For  Gold,  etc.  sae  State  Mining  Boaid. 
Respectfully, 

Bex  L.  Brundage,  Secy. 

STATISTICS  SANTA  CLARA  VALLEY. 

Value  fruit  crop $1,500,000 

Acres  wheat 12,695 

"     barley 12,920 

2  Hay 31,050 

Prune  crop ,  85,000,000  lbs. 

Grapes 12,900  acres 

Gallons,  brandy 330,000 

Gallon?,  wine 5,430,000 

Quicksilver  an   amount   second  only  to   that   produced  by 
Spain. 
In  canned  fruits  of  various  kinds  10,000,000  two  and  one-half  pound  cans 
—fresh  fruits,  20,000,000  pounds. 

Largest  quantity  of  seeds  produced  in  any  like  section  and  a  great  share  of 
all  produced  in  the  United  States. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  Improvement  Co. 


NORTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 

The  following  from  an  article  by  Gen.  N.  P.  Chipman,  President 
of  the  California  State  Board  of  Trade  gives  much  valuable  inform- 
ation with  regard  to  this  section.  The  latest  obtainable  statistics 
will  be  found  elsewhere  in  this  volume  under  appropriate  headings: 

Entering  California  in  Nevada  County,  by  the  way  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  the  visitor  comes  quickly  down  from  the  great 
height  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  the  foot-hills  of  Placer 
County,  through  the  orchards  and  vineyards    covering  the   country 


150  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

around  Auburn,  Newcastle,  Penryn  Looniis,  Rocklin,  Roseville,  to 
tbe  city  of  Sacramento,  where  he  finds  himself  in  the  center  cf  the 
Great  Interior  Valley  of  the  State,  at  the  State  Capital,  and  where 
tide-water  once  ebbed  and  flowed. 

A  few  hours  from  snow-covered,  heavily  forested  mountains  into 
regions  of  luxuriant,  semi  tropical  verdure,  is  a  transformation  be- 
wildering but  altogether  delightful.  A  glance  at  the  accompanying 
map  will  show  where  the  visitor  now  stands  relatively  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  couuties  comprising  the  Sacramento  Valley,  a  de- 
scription of  whose  resources  and  industries  is  the  purpose  of  tbis 
article.  Nevada  County  is  the  Eastern  gateway  to  this  land  of 
sunshine,  fruit  and  flowers  and  agricultural  prodigality. 

A  line  drawn  east  and  west  through  the  southern  boundary  of 
Solano  County  at  Vallejo,  would  pass  near  Richmond,  Va. ;  drawn 
along  the  northern  boundary  of  Shasta  County  it  would  strike  the 
Atlantic  coast  near  New  York  City.  The  floor  of  the  valley 
proper  narrows  and  terminates  at  Red  Bluff,  Tehama  County.  But 
many  stretchers  of  rich  river  bottom,  valley  lands,  occur  in  Shasta 
County,  below  Redding,  and  west  of  Anderson  and  Cottonwood, 
are  fertile  plains  and  foot-hills  and  creek  valleys  of  fine  agricultural 
land,  a  characteristic  of  most  of  the  counties  reaching  into  the 
mountains:  indeed,  it  may  be  properly  said  that  the  valley  termi- 
nates at  Redding.  The  valley  widens  as  it  extends  south,  and 
follows  the  southern  boundary  of  part  of  Placer  and  Sacramento, 
Yolo  and  Solono  Com. ties,  and  brings  the  valley  to  San  Pablo  Bay, 
(an  arm  of  the  great  Bay  of  San  Francisco)  at  Vallejo.  The  gen- 
eral direction  of  the  valley  is  north  and  south.  A  line  drawn 
north  and  south  through  Suisun,  on  Suisun  Bay,  would  pass  near 
Willows,  Red  Bluff,  and  Redding.  On  the  east,  the  valley  is 
bounded  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Coast  Range.  The  Sacramento  River  rises  in  the  vicinity  of  Mt. 
Shasta,  and  courses  south,  bisecting  the  valley  and  emptying  into 
Suisun  Bay.  It  is  navigable  and  is  navigated  by  steamboats  to 
Red  Bluff.  By  some  improvement  of  the  river  it  may  be  navigated 
to  the  town  of  Redding,  Shasta  County.  Rising  in  the  Sierras  are 
numerous  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento  River,  which  find  their 
inexhaustible   supply  in   the   springs,  subterranean  reservoirs,  and 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  151 

snow  banks  of  the  mountains.  The  land  situated  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Sacramento  in  all  the  counties  is  blessed  with  one  or  more  of 
these  ever-living  streams,  the  utility  and  value  of  which  will  be 
referred  to  later  on.  The  portion  of  the  valley  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river  is  not  so  highly  favored,  although  not  wanting  in  the 
means  to  procure  every  needed  supply.  Unlike  the  creeks  and 
rivers  rising  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Sierras,  which  flow  on  per- 
petually, the  characteristic  of  the  streams  rising  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Coast  Range  is  that  they  carry  the  flood  waters  to  the  river 
and  continue  to  flow  until  about  June  or  July,  and  then  begin  to 
recede,  ceasing  at  varying  distances  from  the  river  to  the  foot-hills, 
but  continue  in  quantity  to  points  whence  their  waters  are  taken 
by  ditches  to  the  land  below.  Some  impressions  of  the  general 
southern  slope  of  the  valley  will  be  seen  from  the  elevations  of  the 
river — at  Sacramento,  thirty  feet  above  sea  level;  at  Oolusa  60  feet; 
at  Red  Bluff,  220  feet.  A  canal  is  projected  and  partly  built, 
which  takes  water  directly  from  the  river  on  the  north  line  of 
Glenn  County,  and  brings  it  as  far  west  as  Willows,  and  thence  to 
practically  all  the  valley  land  south  and  east  of  the  canal. 

A  margin  of  no  great  extent  along  the  river  banks  is  wooded, 
and  the  lands  on  the  east  side  have  growing  upon  them  scattered 
oaks,  giving  a  park  like  aspect  to  the  landscape.  This  feature  con- 
tinues in  Yolo  and  Solano  Counties,  but  in  Colusa  and  Glenn  the 
plain  lands  are  destitute  of  timber;  the  lolling  hill  lands  and  moun- 
tains are  wooded.  The  great  body  of  agricultural  lands  of  the  val- 
ley do  not  overflow;  some  of  the  river  bottoms  are  subject  to  flood 
waters  but  exposed  lands  are  mostly  protected  by  levees. 

Accurately  speaking,  we  have  but  little  waste  land.  The  un- 
tillable  foot-hills  and  lower  mountain  elevations  furnish  rich  winter 
pasture  for  thousands  of  sheep  and  cattle  and  the  mountains  are 
not  only  the  scene  of  large  lumber  enterprises,  but  afford  extensive 
ranges  for  summer  pasture  of  these  same  flocks  and  herds.  In 
Tehama  County  alone  there  are  two  hundred  thousand  sheep  that 
are  moved  in  the  spring  to  the  mountain  ranges  and  return  in  the 
autumn  to  the  valleys  and  foot-hills  for  winter  pasturage.  Twelve 
thousand  head  of  cattle  are  similarly  handled.  And  so  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree  in  most  of  the  counties  are  the  lands  utilized. 


152  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

It  has  been  intimated  that  there  is  no  practical  difference  be- 
tween the  climate  of  the  valleys  of  Northern  California  and  South- 
ern California.  Perhaps  a  word  further  should  be  said.  I  quote 
from  my  annual  report  to  the  California  State  Board  of  Trade  for 
1889,  a  general  statement  which  fairly  gives  the  facts  and  perhaps 
as  well  as  I  could  again  give  them:  "Much  has  been  written  of 
of  the  unique  character  of  the  climate  of  California,  and  while  it  is 
widely  known  in  a  general  way,  its  highest  and  best  interpretation 
is  exhibited  in  the  marvelous  range  of  products  of  the  soil.  There 
is  no  single  country  nor  principality  on  the  globe  where  there  can 
be  found,  growing  in  perfection,  all  the  varied  products  of  which 
this  report  treats.  Why  this  is  true  has  never  been  satisfactorily 
explained,  but  the  fact  cannot  be  disputed.  It  is  not  due  to  the 
soil  alone,  for  other  countries  have  rich  soil;  it  is  not  due  to  tem- 
perature alone,  for  the  seasons  are  propitious  in  the  south  of  Italy 
and  in  Spain;  yet  the  results  we  have  here  are  not  obtainable  there; 
it  is  not  in  the  recurrence  of  a  wet  and  dry  season — a  period  of  rain 
and  a  rainless  period — for  this  peculiarity  is  found  in  the  Mediter 
ranean  basin;  nor  is  it  in  any  peculiarity  of  the  atmosphere  of 
■which  we  have  any  knowledge.  And  yet  there  is  some  subtle  in 
fluence  in  the  combination  of  all  these — an  alchemy  of  nature  we 
do  not  understand — which  has  made  the  climate  of  California 
unique — phenomenal  *  *  Latitude  cuts  but  little  figure  here, 
although  it  marks  zones  of  heat  and  cold  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. 
While  I  am  writing  (March  4th-6tb,  1899),  there  is  a  blizzard 
raging  in  the  East  and  West.  Railroad  trains  are  tied  up,  and 
snow  is  four  feet  deep  in  the  city  of  New  York.  On  the  same 
parallels  of  latitude  here  the  orchards  are  bursting  into  full  bloom, 
vegetables  are  taken  from  open  gardens;  the  first  crop  of  alfalfa  is 
nearly  ready  for  the  mower;  young  lambs  are  playing  on  the  hill- 
sides; farm  operations  are  most  active,  and  all  nature  is  clad  in 
verdure." 

Attention  is  then  called  to  the  fact  elsewhere  shown  that  oranges 
are  being  shipped  from  Butte  County,  150  miles  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  over  500  miles  north  of  San  Diego,  and  that  elevation 
has  more  to  do  with  temperature  than  has  lititude.  The  report 
continues: 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  153 

"1  will  not  stop  to  give  the  causes,  so  far  as  thejr  are  determined, 
for  it  is  enough  to  know  the  fact  and  that  the  causes  are  permanent. 
We  have  no  recorded  history  and  no  traditions  (and  they  run  back 
to  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella)  that 
tell  a  different  story." 

The  climate  of  the  immediate  coast  is  most  invigorating  and  stim- 
ulating, cool,  bracing,  and  delightful;  the  laborer  knows  no  fatigue 
except  from  physical  exhaustion,  produced  by  over-taxed  musclep. 
The  man  who  works  with  his  brain  yields  only  to  failure  of  mental 
power.  In  the  interior  valleys,  in  midsummer  the  temperature  is 
higher,  and  there  is  discomfort  in  working  in  the  harvest  fields,  at 
the  desk,  and  behind  the  counter.  But  the  air  is  dry,  and  no  such 
suffering  is  experienced  as  in  the  more  humid  climates,  where  the 
temperature  is  lower.  We  have  no  such  thing  as  sun-stroke.  It  is 
the  universal  experience  that  persons  coming  to  any  part  of  the 
State  increase  in  weight  and  strength,  are  less  subject  to  nervous 
trouble,  sleep  and  eat  well,  and  improve  in  health  if  ailing  from 
any  cause.     In  fact,  California  is  an  universal  sanitarium." 

"One  cannot  find  a  region  of  the  State  devoid  of  scenic  beauty, 
and  in  most  parts  one  is  surrounded  by  an  inspiring  and  elevating 
combination  of  valley  and  mountain  landscape.  He  can  radically 
change  his  immediate  surroundings  in  a  few  hours,  if  he  lives  in 
the  great  valley,  by  going  into  the  mountains  or  journeying  to  the 
coast.  Thousands  of  families  do  this  in  the  summer,  and  have 
most  delightful  camping  out  experiences. 

"But  after  all,  the  toiler  cannot  live  on  scenery  nor  on  climate 
alone.  It  is  the  advantages  which  climate  brings  to  him  in  the 
struggle  for  existence  that  most  concerns  him.  And  here^is  where 
resides  the  glory  of  California;  namely,  the  economic  value  of  its 
climate.  Our  climate  is  usually  put  forward  as  an  attraction;  it  is 
most  of  all  a  resource  of  incalculable  value;  and  it  is  a  resource  be- 
cause by  its  influence  we  are  enabled  to  so  marvelously^diversify 
and  increase  the  number  of  our  products.  It  is  a  resource,  because 
man's  labor  can  be  made  profitable  every  day  in  the  year,  and  be- 
cause there  is  no  month  when  vegetation,  in  some  form,  is  not 
growing.  There  is  no  season  when  all  nature  is  at  rast  or  locked 
in  the  icy  embrace  of  a  zero  temperature,  and  the  harvests  of  sum- 


154  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

mer  eaten  into  by  long,  weary  consuming  months  of  winter.  In 
the  field,  orchard,  garden  factory;  on  the  stock  farm  and  in  the 
dairy  every  day  is  a  day  of  productive  labor.  We  commence  slip- 
ping fresh  deciduous  fruits  to  the  markets  of  the  East  in  May,  and 
there  is  no  cessation  until  December;  and  in  November  we  begin 
to  ship  citrus  fruits  and  they  over  lap  the  shipments  of  deciduous 
fruits  beginning  in  May." 

This  general  picture  finds  its  counterpart  in  the  region  I  am  now 
bringing  to  the  public  attention.  I  wish  to  remind  the  home- 
seeker  of  a  fact,  not  commonly  understood,  that  there  are  about  20 
degrees  difference  between  the  "sensible  temperature,  and  the 
actual  reading  of  the  thermometer.  For  example,  the  thermometer 
in  the  valley  may  read  110  degrees,  but  owing  to  the  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere,  the  effect  upon  the  body  produces  less  discomfort 
than  would  be  felt  in  a  humid  atmosphere  where  the  reading  is  90 
degrees. 

The  practical  situation  is  that  one  can  labor  here  in  the  bum- 
mer's sun  without  suffering,  where  he  would  be  driven  to  the  shade 
in  other  climates.  It  should  be  added  that  our  warm,  cloudless 
and  rainless  summer  months  are  just  what  we  want  to  mature  our 
crops  and  prepare  our  fruits  for  market.  The  prevailing  winds  are 
from  north  and  south,  the  latter  always  cool  and  delightful,  as  it 
comes  from  the  ocean,  tempered  in  its  journey  inland.  The  north 
wind  is  warmer,  and  is  a  dry,  sometimes  disagreeable,  wind,  but  it 
serves  a  most  valuable  office  and  adds  to  the  general  healthfulness 
of  the  valley. 

Industries  relating  to  agriculture  are  the  growing  of  wheat,  bar- 
ley, oats,  hay,  some  rye,  and  some,  but  not  much  corn.  For  many 
years  Oolusa  was  the  banner  wheat  growing  county  in  the  State. 
Forage  plants  are  quite  extensively  grown.  Hemp  has  been  and  is 
being  successfully  and  profitably  grown  in  Butte  County.  The  soil 
in  many  counties  has  been  found  adapted  to  the  sugar  beet,  and  a 
considerable  acreage  is  planted,  the  product  going  to  the  sugar 
factories;  this  industry  must  soon  have  much  importance  in  the 
valley.  I  may  mention  in  this  connection  the  advantages  of  sugar 
beet  growing  in  this  State.  Briefly  summarized,  they  are:  Earlier 
maturity  of  the  beet;  earlier  opening  of  the  sugar-making  campaign; 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  155 

longer  season  for  harvesting;  longer  run  of  the  factory ;  greater  yield 
per  acre  than  in  other  States;  greater  per  cent  of  saccharine;  im- 
munity from  frost  and  from  rain  at  critical  periods.  These  are 
some  of  the  climatic  advantages  which  experience  and  scientific 
experiments  have  established.  Some  extensive  hop  fields  are  in  the 
Sacramento  Valley.  Live  stock  is  a  large  industry,  especially  hogs, 
sheep  and  horned  cattle.  Many  horses  and  mules  are  bred  on  the 
larger  ranches.  The  dairying  interests  are  quite  large,  but  not 
nearly  so  fully  developed  as  they  should  be  or  could  be  made  profit- 
able. The  poultry  industry  is  almost  wholly  neglected.  Large 
bands  of  turkeys  are  seen,  but  they  are  produced  separate  from  the 
farm,  and  have  a  sort  of  nomadic  existence,  being  herded  and 
driven  about  from  place  to  place  for  feed,  much  the  same  as  a  band 
of  sheep.  Many  farmers  (be  it  to  their  discredit  said)  buy  their 
chickens  and  eggs  and  butter  at  the  town  stores,  and  not  infre- 
quently these  come  from  Kansas,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  or  from  our 
sister  State,  Oregon. 

The  possible  diversity  of  agricultural  products  in  this  great  val- 
ley is  its  chief  distinguishing  characteristic.  The  richness  of  the 
soil  and  the  prevailing  climatic  influences  make  it  possible,  with 
irrigation,  to  grow  almost  anything  that  man  or  beast  may  require, 
and  without  irrigation,  a  much  greater  agricultural  development  is 
possible  than  has  yet  been  attained. 

The  Sacramento  Valley  is  the  most  abundantly  watered  portion 
of  the  State.  The  large  rainfall  in  the  valley,  coupled  with  the 
fact  that  great  areas  have  been  in  single  holdings,  devoted  chiefly 
to  wheat  growing  or  stock  raising,  has  in  former  years  not  only 
retarded  diversity  of  products  but  has  contributed  to  the  erroneous 
belief  that  irrigation  was  neither  desirable  nor  necessary,  and  irri- 
gation has  not  been  much  resorted  to.  Wheat  growing,  having 
become  less  profitable,  attention  is  being  directed  to  more  diversi. 
fied  culture,  and  plans  for  more  general  irrigation  are  being  con- 
sidered, since  it  has  been  found  that  even  on  our  best  lands  water 
is  a  distinctive  source  of  greater  production  and  makes  agriculture 
more  profitable,  by  adding  many  new  products  to  the  farm.  The 
Central  Irrigation  District  Canal  will  bring  water  directly,  without 
any  head  dam,  from  the  Sacramento  River  onto  all  the  lands  south 


156  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

and  east  of  Willows — an,  immense  area,  rich  and  productive.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  river  north  of  this  canal  there  is  abundant 
water  taking  it  from  points  high  up  on  the  creeks  and  conducting 
it  by  ditches  to  the  land  below.  Ditches  are  now  constructed 
which  bring  water  from  Themes  Creek  to  lands  at  Corning,  Tebama 
County;  at  Orland,  Glenn  County,  from  Stony  Creek,  and  at  "Wood- 
land, Yolo  county,  from  Cache  Creek.  On  the  east  sidp,  commenc- 
ing in  Shasta  County,  large  creeks  flow  into  the  river  from  the 
Sierras,  at  convenient  intervals,  through  all  the  counties  on  that 
side,  until  the  American  River  in  Sacramento  County  is  reached. 
The  map  shows  the  frequency  of  these  streams.  There  is  ample 
water  for  the  most  complete  irrigation  of  all  the  lands.  Water 
underlies  the  valley  everywhere,  at  varying  depths  of  from  fifteen 
to  fifty  feet. 

A  striking  and  most  valuable  feature  of  these  mountain  crec  ks 
and  rivers  is  the  latent  forces  within  them  that  may  be  cheaply, 
and  are  being  largely  set  free  by  electrical  plants.  These  streams 
above  the  valley  have  a  fall  of  from  50  to  100  feet  per  mile;  often 
much  greater.  This  power  may  be  utilized  and  yet  restore  the 
water  to  the  beds  of  the  streams  before  reaching  the  valley,  where 
it  may  be  used  for  irrigation.  Electric  power  plants  are  now  in 
operation  in  Shasta,  Tehama,  Butte,  Yuba,  Placer,  Nevada,  and 
Sacramento  Counties,  of  which  great  use  is  made.  This 
power  is  being  used  for  mining  and  military  purposes;  for  lighting 
towns  and  cities;  operating  machinery;  pumping  water;  operating 
farm  implements,  and  various  other  uses.  I  know  of  no  region  so 
highly  favored  in  the  respects  last  mentioned. 

In  the  Sierras,  from  Siskiyou  County  to  the  American  River, 
are  the  finest  and  most  extensive  forests  of  sugar  and  yellow  pine, 
spruce  and  fir  timber  existing  in  the  State,  and  some  of  the  largest 
lumber  and  mining  enterprises  are  carried  on  in  these  mountains. 
The  forests  of  California  are  her  crowning  glory,  not  as  sources  of 
lumber  for  market,  but  as  the  great  conserves  of  moisture  and  as 
the  mother  of  our  creeks  and  rivers.  Intelligent  use  of  this  great 
blessing  will  give  us  assurance  of  unchanging  climatic  conditions 
and  ample  supply  of  timber  for  all  possible  purposes.  Shasta 
County  is  the  largest  mineral  producer  in  the  State. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  157 

The  two  terminal  points  of  shipments  of  fruit  by  rail  from  this 
valley  to  other  States  are  Marysville  and  Sacramento.  Much  fruit 
is  sent  to  San  Francisco  and  other  points  in  the  State  for  local  con- 
sumption, which  is  not  included  in  data.  As  oranges  ripen 
earlier  in  Northern  California  than  in  the  Southern  part  of  the 
State  (another  of  our  climatic  peculiarties),  this  is  not  a  fair 
index  of  the  extent  of  the  citrus  culture  in  the  Sacramento  Valley 
for  the  reason  that  much  of  this  fruit  is  consumed  in  the  State. 

To  move  this  fruit  a  car  must  depart  every  hour  of  every  day  in 
the  year. 

One  of  the  great  drawbacks  to  Northern  California  in  the  past 
has  been  the  large  individual  land  holdings.  For  example,  nearly 
the  entire  river  frontage  in  Colusa  and  Glenn  Counties,  running 
back  from  the  river  also  many  miles,  was  owned  by  two  men — one 
having  40,000  acres  devoted  entirely  to  wheat,  and  but  one  family 
residing  on  this  vast  domain.  Other  large  tracts  were  held,  not 
only  in  these  counties  but  in  nearly  all  the  others.  About  the 
beautiful  town  of  Chico  lie  some  of  the  richest  lands  in  the  world, 
which  have  like  those  referred  to,  and  others,  for  all  these  years 
been  under  the  blight  entailed  upon  the  State  everywhere  by  the 
confirmation  of  Mexican  grants.  The  owners  of  these  great  ranchos 
were  proud  of  their  possessions,  and  were  unwilling  in  their  life 
time  to  yield  them  up.  It  is  perhaps  not  to  be  marveled  at,  for 
these  were  principalities  good  to  look  upon,  and  gratified  a  not 
altogether  unworthy  ambition.  But  it  was  against  nature  and 
against  progress  that  this  condition  should  continue  uninterrupted. 
In  Southern  California  the  first  breaking  up  of  the  great  ranches 
began,  and  behold !  beautiful  towns  and  cities  and  colonies  of  happy 
homes  on  small  areas  have  taken  their  place.  In  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley,  about  the  flourishing  city  of  Fresno,  immense  sheep  walks 
have  been  turned  into  shady  boulevards,  which  form  the  boundaries 
of  the  extensive  raisin  vineyards  that  have  made  Fresno  County 
famous.  In  the  charming  Santa  Clara  Valley,  in  the  picturesque 
Vaca  Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  other  places  I  might  mention, 
a  like  transformation  has  occurred.  This  is  what  is  soon  to  happen 
throughout  the  Sacramento  Valley.  The  decline  in  wheat  growing, 
and  the  consequent  profitableness  of  farming  on  a  large  scale;  the 


158  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

scythe  of  the  Great  Reaper;  the  mortgage  and  the  Probate  Court; 
have  done  or  are  doing  their  perfect  work.  Land  which  in  former 
years  could  not  be  purchased  at  any  price,  is  now  on  the  market  in 
any  sized  tracts  desired,  and  at  prices  not  much  above  the  value 
assessed  for  taxation.  Notably  the  forty- thousand  acre  Glenn 
ranch  in  Glenn  County;  the  world-famous  Eidwell  ranch  near 
Chico;  the  Wilson  ranch  in  the  same  vicinity.  In  all  the  counties, 
particularly  the  counties  north  of  the  south  tier,  fine,  productive 
land,  improved  and  unimproved,  is  now  on  the  market  at  prices  no 
greater  than  similar  lands  sell  for  in  settled  portions  of  the  Middle 
West. 

There  has  never  existed  in  this  valley  what  may  properly  be 
termed  a  boom  in  land  prices.  When  the  wonderful  movement 
took  place  in  Southern  California,  and  land  went  up  to  enormous 
figures,  land  prices  advances  here  in  sympathy  with  the  high  prices 
asked  in  the  South,  and  naturally,  because  the  advantages  here 
were  in  every  way  equal  to  those  in  the  South.  The  effect  was  to 
retard  purchases  here,  and  this,  added  to  the  incubus  of  large  land 
holdings,  resulted  in  slow  growth  at  the  north.  Again,  successful 
orchard  planting  here  had  a  tendency  to  advance  prices  of  unim- 
proved contiguous  land.  This  had  a  depressing  effect.  These  con- 
ditions have  entirely  changed,  and  the  time  is  now  most  opportune 
for  investment  in  the  Sacramento  Valley.  The  presence  of  an  or- 
chard does  not  give  a  fictitious  value  to  adjacent  land.  To  show 
that  there  is  room  for  as  many  as  may  come,  statistics  show  that 
we  have  a  population  of  191,901,  occupying  17,995  square  miles, 
which  is  nearly  eleven  persons  to  each  section  of  640  acres,  and 
not  less  than  60  per  cent  of  these  reside  in  the  cities  and  towns. 

Much  of  the  literature  relating  to  the  earlier  phases  of  social  life 
in  California  gave  a  very  false  impression  of  the  existing  State  of 
civilization,  which  still  exists  to  some  degree.  I  know  from  the 
questions  asked  me  by  inquirers  who  write  for  information  about 
California,  that  there  is  much  doubt  in  the  minds  of  many  whether 
we  have  yet  emerged  from  the  state  of  semi-barbarism  erroneously 
supposed  to  prevail  during  the  exclusively  gold-hunting  period. 

Presumably  the  citizens  of  a  State  that  is  the  home  of  two  great 
universities,  whose  public  school  system  has  received  highest  praise 


CALIFORNIA     STATI8TIC8.  159 

for  liberality  and  advanced  methods;  in  which  are  five  State  Nor" 
raal  schools;  where  free  tuition  is  offered  through  all  grades  to  the 
High  School  and  through  the  State  University,  must  have  some 
conceptions  of  what  is  essential  to  a  self-respecting  and  broad- 
minded  people,  and  must  themselves  possess  some  of  the  attributes 
they  would  inspire  in  the  youth.  Sufficient  to  say  that  all  the 
advantages  which  liberal  appropriations  of  money  and  an  intelligent 
selection  of  teachers  can  give,  we  possess  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 
In  the  establishment  and  support  of  church  organizations,  the  Sac- 
ramento Valley  has  kept  pace  with  other  portions  of  the  State.  In 
all  our  towns  and  cities  churches  of  the  principal  denominations  are 
found.  The  charming  out-door  life  keeps  many  away  from  active 
service,  and  no  doubt  this  is  noticeable  by  the  visitor;  but  the 
church  nevertheless  has  generous  support. 

CALIFORNIA    MANUFACTURES. 

Washington,  January  18. — The  census  preliminary  report  on  the 
manufacturing  industries  of  Oalifornia  shows  17,582  establishments, 
increase  59  per  cent;  capital  $205,395,025,  increase  40  per  cent: 
average  number  of  wage-earners  91,047,  increase  25  per  cent;  total 
wages  $47,425,947,  increase  15  per  cent;  miscellaneous  expenses 
$10,190,282,  increase  25  per  cent;  cost  of  materials  used  $188,125,- 
602,  increase  57  per  cent;  value  of  production,  including  custom 
work  and  repairing,  $302,874,761;  increase  42  per  cent. 

The  capital  and  value  of  products  for  cities  separately  reported  as 
follows: 

Los  Angeles — Capital  $11,742,838,  increase  72  per  cent;  products 
$21,297,537,  increase  115  per  cent. 

Oakland — Capital  $6,364  651,  decrease  4  per  cent;  products, 
$9,174,257,  increase  7-10  per  cent. 

Sacramento — Capital  $7,492,313,  increase  33  per  cent;  products 
$11,785,621,  increase  13  per  cent. 

San  Francisco — Capital  $80,103,367,  increase  7  percent;  products 
$133,069,415,  decrease  2  per  cent. 

San  Jose— Capital  $3,409,517;  products  $4,410,062.  San  Jose 
was  not  reported  separately  in  1890. 


160  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

TEXTILE  INDUSTRY. 

In  Oakland  the  California  Cotton  Mills  have  for  a  long  series  of 
years  struggled  hard  with  the  problem  of  laying  the  foundation  of 
the  textile  industry  in  the  State.  For  many  years  they  used  cotton 
grown  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  but  they  found  the  price  at  which 
it  could  be  produced  too  high  and  they  imported  cotton  from  Texas. 
They  imported  about  5,000,000  lbs.  in  1901  and  at  the  same  time 
5,000,000  lbs.  jute.  They  manufacture  cotton  rope,  jute  rope  and 
various  descriptions  of  cotton  and  jute  goods.  The  value  of  the  in- 
dustry in  1901  was  $900,000.  The  capital  of  the  company  was  in- 
creased from  $800,000  to  $1,250,000.  A  flax  mill  has  been  started 
in  Oakland  which  will  work  up  the  flax  product  of  Butte  and  Sac- 
ramento Counties. 

IMPORTS  TO  SAN  FRANCISCO,  1901. 

Belgium $707,590 

France 1,206,705 

Germany 1,485,998 

Greece 15,153 

Italy 403,608 

Sweden  and  Norway 71,647 

Great  Britaiu 2,087,270 

British  Columbia 2,415,236 

Guatemala 3,280,432 

Ecuador 127,270 

Costa  Rica. 295,392 

Nicaragua 199,140 

Salvador 893,669 

Mexico 540,063 

China 6,296,517 

British  East  Indies 2,717,739 

Japan 12,034,597 

Australia ,  763,860 

Philippine  Islands 396,120 

Cuba 254,817 

Peru , 35,646 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  161 

Dutch  East  Indies 50,159 

Chile 013,327 

Asiatic  Russia 9,^91 

Turkey 992 

French  Oceanica 397,287 

Nova  Scotia 834 

Colombia 8,223 

Brazil 3,839 

Canada 15,375 

Fgypt 4,516 

British  West  Indies 4,258 

German  Oceanica 1 1,626 

British  Oceanica 407 

Spain 4,703 

Elsewhere 28,722 

Total $37,382,022 

SAN  FRANCISCO  EXPORTS,  1901. 

Hawaiian  Islands   (est.) $13,000,000 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 13,724,404 

China 5,588,233 

New  York  and  East 3,946,495 

Australasia , 3,752,911 

Japan 3,330,581 

Central  America 2,305,665 

Mexico 1 ,740,883 

St.  Vincent 1,213,320 

British  Columbia 1,175,824 

Philippine  Islands 939,185 

Peru 549,902 

Ecuador 421,493 

Tahiti 342,254 

Chile 684,400 

Asiatic  Russia 220,724 

East   Indies 148,966 

United  States  Colombia 149,668 


162  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Belgium 369,134 

Spain 118,370 

Germany 118,306 

France 19,017 

Samoa 60,252 

Corea 60,206 

SUGAR   BEETS,  1901. 

The  following  figures  give  the  tons  of  beets  produced  in  1901  : 

Tons 

Salinas  Valley 141,280 

Pajaro 85,910 

San   Benito 27,620 

Santa  Clara 16,512 

Alameda 53,000 

Various  Northern  California  Counties 21,000 

"     Southern         "  "  170,000 

SUGAR  AND  WHITE  PINE  PRODUCTION,  1901. 

Feet 

Butte 32,000,000 

Fresno 20,000,000 

Mo  loc 50,000,000 

Shasta 100,000,000 

Siskiyou 56,000,000 

Tehama 29,000.000 

Statistics  from  other  counties  could  not  be  obtained  in  detail. 

LUMBER  PRODUCTION,  1901. 

Redwood 350,000,000 

Sugar  and  White  Pine 300,000,000 

Fir 110,527,000 

Spruce 3,650,000 

Cedar 985,000 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  163 

Other  soft  woods 19,476,000 

Hard  wood 112,000 

Total 784,750,000 

Cedar  and  spruce  are  nearly  all  produced   in   Del  Norte,  fir  in 
Humboldt  (20,000,000  feet)  the  rest  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  forests. 

CALIFORNIA'S  GOLD  PRODUCTION. 

The  following  is  the   gold  production  of  the  State  since   1848  as 
estimated  by  the  Mining  Bureau  : 

1848 $245,501 

1849 10,151,360 

1850 41,273,106 

1851 75,938,232 

1852 81,294,700 

1853 67,613,487 

1854 69,433,931 

1855 55,485,395 

1856 57,509,411 

1857 43,628,172 

1858 46,591,140 

1859 45,846,599 

1860 44,095,163 

1861 41,884,995 

1862 38,854,668 

1863 23,501,736 

1864 24,071,423 

1865 17,930,858 

1866 17,123,867 

1867 18,265,452 

1868 17,555,867 

1869 18,229,044 

1870 17,458,133 

1871 17,477,885 

1872 15,482,194 

1873 15,019,210 


164  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

1874 17,264,836 

1875 16,876,009 

1876 15,610,723 

1877 16,501,268 

1878 18,839,141 

1879 19,626,654 

1880 20,030,761 

1881 19,223,155 

1882 17,146,416 

1883 24,316,873 

1884 13,600,000 

1885 12,661,044 

1886 14,716,506 

1887 13,588,614 

1888 12,750,000 

1889 11,212,913 

1890 12,309,793 

1891 12,728,869 

1892 12,571,900 

1893 12,422,811 

1894 13,923,281 

1895 15,334,317 

1896 17,181,562 

1897 15,871,401 

1898 15,906,478 

1899 15,336,031 

1900 15,863,355 

1901 ., 15,730,700 

Total $1,361,106,740 

BEET  SUGAR  PRODUCT,  1901. 

tons 

Spreckels 28,000 

Alameda 7,700 

Union 3,500 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  165 

Crockett 3,000 

Oxnard 18,000 

Los  Alaniitos 4,000 

Total 64,200 

Oregon 3,000 

Washington 3,000 

Total  Pacific  Coast 70,000 

WINE  PRODUCTION  1901.  (Partial) 

gals. 

Fresno 4,000,000 

Napa 1,150,000 

Sacramento 600,000 

San  Joaquin 3,000,000 

Santa  Barbara 45,000 

Santa   Clara 5,430,000 

Sonoma 3,000,000 

THE  DRUG  TRADE. 

The  trade  of  San  Francic30  in  drugs,  chemicals,  perfumery,  patent 
medicines,  mineral  waters  etc.,  is  extensive  and  constantly  increas- 
ing and  employs  the  energies  of  several  large  houses,  besides  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  ones.  Its  value  may  be  estimated  at  four  million 
dollars  a  year. 

QUICKSILVER  PRODUCTION.  (Partial) 

flasks 

New  Almaden 4,371 

Napa 4,996 

Aetna 238 

New  Idria 4,859 

Boston 1,581 

Great  Western 1,122 

Great  Eastern 1,730 

Altovia 1,316 

Standard 738 


166  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Sulphur  Bank 181 

Empire  Con 2,245 

Karl  (part  of  year) 300 

The  Marfa  and  Mariposa,  Texas,  produced  2,805  flasks  in  1901. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  DRY  GOODS  TRADE. 

The  year  1901  was  a  good  one  in  the  dry  goods  trade  of  San 
Francisco.  For  the  first  five  months  of  the  year  the  volume  of  bus- 
iness was  at  least  ten  per  cent  greater  than  for  the  corresponding 
time  in  1900,  but  the  machinists'  strike,  followed  by  that  of  the 
teamsters,  packers  and  water  front  workers,  lessened  materially  the 
volume  of  sales  and  it  was  not  till  the  close  of  the  year  that  business 
in  this  line  recovered  itself.  This  referring  to  the  local  trade  is 
true,  also  to  a  great  extent  of  the  country  trade,  for  the  strike  inter- 
fered with  the  shipment  of  produce  to  the  city  and  of  merchandise 
out  of  it,  but  taking  the  State  as  a  whole,  the  volume  of  business 
quite  equalled  that  of  1900,  if  it  did  not  surpass  it.  The  industries 
connected  with  the  dry  goods  interest  in  the  city  such  as  the  manu- 
facture of  overalls,  etc.  also  suffered  from  the  strike,  but  the  output 
of  1901  did  not  fall  seriously  short  of  that  of  1900.  Prices  as  a  rule 
followed  the  lead  of  eastern  and  foreign  markets,  but  when  they  did 
not  they  favored  the  Pacific  Coast  retailer  and  consumer.  Imports 
by  rail  have  been  unusually  large  as  on  account  of  the  differences  be- 
tween the  Pacific  Mail  Company  and  the  Panama  Railroad,  domes- 
tics, etc.  intended  for  Central  America  and  which  would  have  gone 
by  the  Isthmus  are  now  shipped  overland  to  this  city  and  by  the 
Pacific  Mail  Company's  steamers  to  these  ports.  The  shipment  of 
domestics  to  China  via  rail  and  steamer  through  this  city  have  been 
large — $60,000  to  $70,000  worth  on  every  steamer  making  up  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  cargoes  of  these  vessels.  The  business  done 
with  the  Hawaiian  Islands  has  been  large  and  trade  though  inter- 
rupted somewhat  by  the  water  front  strike.  There  has  been  a  big 
trade  done  with  Australia  and  New  Zealand  in  overalls  manufac- 
tured in  this  city  and  which  take  the  lead  of  all  others  for  durabil- 
ity and  workmanship. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  167 

SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 

The  following  relating  to  Southern  California  and  Los  Angeles 
city  is  taken  from  a  pamphlet  forwarded  to  as  by  the  Los 
Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce: 

Southern  California,  one  of  the  choicest  sections  of  this 
great  country,  is  a  little  world  of  itself.  Here,  with  an  area  of 
45,000  square  miles,  may  be  found  a  wonderful  variety  of  scenery 
and  climate.  Along  the  coast  line,  which  extends  for  a  distance  of 
275  miles,  it  is  cool  in  summer,  with  a  constant  breeze  from  the 
broad  Pacific.  At  a  distance  of  from  20  to  30  miles  from  the 
ocean,  the  breeze  loses  some  of  its  power,  but  there  is  still  sufficient 
to  temper  the  summer  heat.  Farther  inland,  on  the  great  plains  of 
Mojave  and  Colorado  valleys,  the  sun  rules  throughout  the  year, 
and  its  rays  in  summer  become  somewhat  too  torrid  for  comfort, 
although,  unlike  the  Eastern  weather,  the  nights  are  almost  in- 
variably pleasant  and  cool. 

The  scenery  is  also  varied.  There  are  long  stretches  of  valleys 
and  mesas,  rolling  foothills  and  higher  up  in  the  mountain  ranges 
deep  canons,  precipitous  cliffs,  and  pine-clad  summits,  where  on  the 
northern  slopes  snow  lingers  late  into  the  spring. 

The  section  usually  referred  to  as  Southern  California  includes 
the  seven  southern  counties  of  the  State,  namely,  Los  Angeles, 
Orange,  San  Bernardino,  Riverside,  San  Diego,  Ventura  and  Santa 
Barbara,  The  area  of  this  section  is  about  equal  to  that  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  nearly  as  large  as  England.  The  population  in  1880, 
was  64,371,  or  7£  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  State.  In  1890 
it  was  201,352,  or  16f  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  State. 
To-day  it  is  about  350,000,  or  considerably  more  than  20  per  cent, 
of  the  population  of  California.  The  growth  of  this  section  has, 
indeed,  been  most  remarkable. 

One  of  the  most  noteworthy  features  of  the  development  of 
Southern  California  during  the  past  few  years  has  been  the  utiliza- 
tion of  an  abundant  subterranean  water  supply,  which  was  not 
previously  known  to  exist.  Southern  California  can  no  longer 
with  justice  be  referred  to  as  a  semi-arid  section.  It  is  estimated 
that  during  the  past  four  years  nearly  100,000  inches  of  water  have 


168  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

been  developed  from  underground  sources,  an  amount  sufficient  to 
irrigate  6,000,000  acres  of  land. 

Like  Southern  California,  Los  Angeles  county  embraces  within 
its  limits  a  great  variety  of  scenery  and  climate.  Within  its  4000 
square  miles  of  territory  — an  area  almost  as  large  as  the  State  of 
Connecticut — may  be  found  the  climate  and  scenery  of  almost  every 
part  of  the  State,  from  the  cool  and  breezy  seashore  to  the  warm 
inland  plains  and  bracing  mountain  tops.  Of  the  area  of  the 
county,  about  four-fifths  is  capable  of  cultivation,  the  remainder 
being  mountainous.  The  shore  line  is  85  miles  in  length.  Nine- 
tenths  of  the  population  is  within  40  miles  of  the  ocean. 

The  population  of  Los  Angeles  county,  by  the  census  of  1890, 
was  101,454.  The  population  of  the  county  by  the  census  of  1900 
was  170,298.  The  assessed  valuation  of  property  after  equalization 
is  $103,328,904.  The  marvelous  growth  that  has  been  made  by 
this  imperial  county  during  the  past  few  years  may  be  seen  from 
the  statement  that,  by  the  census  of  1880,  the  population  was  only 
33,881,  while  the  assessed  valuation,  in  1882,  was  only  $20,655,- 
294.  Thus,  within  the  short  space  of  twenty  years,  the  population 
of  the  county  has  increased  more  than  five-fold,  and  the  assessed 
valuation  of  property  in  proportion.  Great  a?  the  increase  is,  there 
are  many  conservative  men  who  believe  that  the  real  growth  of 
Los  Angeles  county  has  scarcely  commenced;  and  the  vast  improve- 
ments that  are  provided  for  within  the  next  few  years  warrant  such 
a  view  of  the  future. 

The  chief  industry  of  Los  Angeles  county  is  horticulture,  the 
entire  list  of  products  including  everything  that  can  be  grown  in 
the  State,  and  almost  everything  that  can  be  raised  in  semi-tropic 
countries.  The  area  of  land  within  the  county  devoted  to  horti- 
cultural purposes  is  being  rapidly  extended,  as  the  large  tracts  are 
subdivided  and  improved. 

Los  Angeles  county  is  well  provided  with  transportation  facili- 
ties. A  dozen  lines  of  railroad  center  in  Los  Angeles  city,  tapping 
almost  every  section  of  the  county,  while  coast  steamships  call 
regularly  at  the  leading  seaports. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  enterprise  for  Los  Angeles  that  has 
yet  been  commenced  is  the  big  breakwater  now   being   constructed 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  169 

by  the  Federal  Government  at  San  Pedro,  for  which  an  appropria- 
tion of  $3,000,000  Was  made  by  Congress.  By  means  of  this  break- 
water the  depth  of  water  over  the  bar  will  be  so  increased  as  to 
permit  ocean-going  vessels  to  come  to  the  wharves,  and  Los  Angeles 
will  then  be  able  to  compete  for  its  share  of  the  growing  Oriental 
trade.  Other  improvements  such  as  dry  docks,  wharves  and  forti- 
fications, will  follow  the  harbor  work.  Other  shipping  points  of 
the  county  are  Port  Los  Angeles,  near  Santa  Monica,  and  Redondo. 

The  rapid  growth  of  Los  Angeles  county  is  shown  by  the  state- 
ment that  during  the  decade  between  1890  and  1900  this  county 
made  the  largest  growth  of  any  county  in  the  State,  namely,  67.8 
per  cent,  the  percentage  of  growth  of  the  State  at  large  during  that 
decade  being  less  than  23  per  cent.  The  prosperity  enjoyed  by  Los 
Angeles  county  is  strikingly  shown  by  statistics  of  the  percentage 
of  mortgage  indebtedness  to  real  estate  values.  These  were  re- 
cently, for  the  State  at  large,  12  per  cent.,  for  Los  Angeles  county, 
5  1-5  per  cent.  The  figures  for  Los  Angeles  city  and  San  Francisco 
are  5  1-5  and  11 1  respectively. 

The  San  Gabriel  Valley,  which  has  always  been  considered  a 
choice  section  of  Los  Angeles  county,  has  the  Sierra  Madre  range 
on  the  north.  These  mountains  are  grand  and  precipitous,  enclos- 
ing the  valley  like  a  wall.  This  valley  is  undoubtedly  the  best 
known  of  any  portion  of  Southern  California.  Even  before  there 
was  any  "boom"  here  worthy  of  mention,  lands  in  the  valley  com- 
manded a  comparatively  high  price.  As  with  most  attractive  sec- 
tions, the  level-headed  mission  fathers  discovered  its  advantages, 
and  in  1771  founded  the  San  Gabriel  Mission — whose  church  is 
still  in  good  preservation.  Now  three  railroads  traverse  the  val- 
ley— rapidly  being  transformed  into  a  succession  of  small 
homes  and  thriving  little  cities.  The  valley  contains  100  square 
miles  of  territory.  Under  the  shadow  of  the  mountains,  and  sep- 
arated from  the  lower  plains  by  symmetrical  foothills,  the  air  is  dry 
and  bracing,  proving  beneficial  to  invalids  who  cannot  bear  closer 
proximity  to  the  ocean. 

The  San  Gabriel  contains  some  of  the  choicest  fruit  land  in 
Southern  California,  and  is  largely  devoted  to  the  raising  of  oranges 
and  lemons,  as  well  as  deciduous  fruits. 

Pasadena,  a  beautiful   city  of  over  10,000  population,  is  located 


170  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra    Madre  range,  about  seven  miles  from  Los 
Angeles.     Within   twenty  years  Pasadena  has  grown  from  a  sheep 
pasture  to  a  city  of  beautiful  hemes,  with  a  world-wide  reputation. 
Other   settlements   in  the  valley  are  Alhambra,  Monrovia,  Duarte 
and    Azusa,    all  of  which    are   mainly   supported  by   horticulture. 
A  djoining   the  San   Gabriel  Valley  on  the  east  is  the  Pomona  Val- 
1  ey.     Irrigation  is  cheaply  supplied    to  this   section  from   the  San 
A  ntcnio   river,  which  ccmes   down  out   of  the   canon  of  the  same 
name,  a  romantic   spot,  and  a  favorite   resort   for  pleasure- seekers. 
T  he  f-oil  and  climate  of  this  section  are  peculiarly   adapted   to   the 
culture   of   citrus  fruits,    which  nourish   here  in  great  luxuriance. 
Railroad    facilities  are  very  good,  and  increasing,  which  has  caused 
the  valley  to  settle  up  rapidly.     It  contains  a  numler  of  flourishing 
tovfnp,  the  chief  of  which  is  Pcnxna,  one  of  the  most  thriving  cities 
of  Southern  California.      For  miles   in  every    direction  around  Po- 
mona  extend  continuous  orchards   of    oranges,    lemons,   apricots, 
peaches,  prunes,  olives  and  other  fruit  trees,  a  specialty  being  made 
of  olive  culture. 

Other  impoitant  sections  of  tie  county  are  the  Los  Nietos  Val- 
ley, a  well  watered  district,  noted  for  its  corn,  alfalfa  and  dairy 
products;  the  stretch  of  country  between  Los  Angeles  city  and  the 
ocean,  over  which  the  city  is  destined  to  spread  before  many  years; 
the  San  Fernando  Valley,  north  of  Los  Angeles,  in  which  a  large 
amount  of  fine  wheat  is  raised;  and  Antelope  Valley,  an  elevated 
region  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  where  land  is  cheap  and, 
with  water,  very  productive. 

Estimated  output  of  the  principal  products  of   Southern  Califor- 
nia for  the  past  year  : 

Citrus  Fruits $10,000,000 

Gold  and  Silver 6,300,000 

Petroleum — estimates 5,600,000 

Borax 1,214,000 

Hay 3,000,000 

Vegetables  and  Fruit  consumed 2,000,000 

Dried  Fruits  and  Raisins 2,000,000 

Grain 3,000,000 

Canned  Goods 1,500,000 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  171 

Sugar 3,350,000 

Fertilizers 360,000 

Nuts 1,155,000 

Cement,  Clay  and  Brick 350,000 

Wine 330,000 

Beer 650,000 

Butter 675,000 

Beans 3,500,000 

Asphaltum 501,000 

Eggs 500,000 

Celery 225,000 

Poultry 300,000 

Hides 150,000 

Fresh  Fish 275,000 

Canned  Fish 105,000 

Wool 150,000 

Vegetables — exported 340,000 

Cheese 150,000 

Olives  and  Olive  Oil 425,000 

Salt,  Mineral  Water,  and  Lead 457,000 

Honey 275,000 

Lime 102,000 

Hogs,  Cattle,  etc 2,327,000 

Miscellaneous  Manufactured  Productions....  20,000,000 

$71,266,000 

The  shipment  of  dried  fruits  from  this  section  direct  to  Europe 
has  become  an  important  branch  of  the  horticultural  industry  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  and  is  steadily  growing. 

The  manufacture  of  machinery  for  the  farmers,  miners  and  oil 
men,  gives  employment  to  a  large  number  of  men  in  Los  Angeles. 

One  of  the  leading  attractions  of  Los  Angeles  county  is  the  long 
stretch  of  beach.  In  this  favored  section  the  pleasures  of  the  sea- 
side are  not  confined  to  a  few  summer  months.  Even  at  Christmas 
it  is  a  common  thing  to  see  people  enjoying  a  bath  in  the  surf. 

Few  cities  in  the  United  States  have  had  such  a  remarkable  and 
varied  history  as  Los  Angeles,  the  chief  city  of  Southern  California, 


172  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

and  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  southwestern  corner  of  the 
United  States.  Few  cities  of  this  size,  moreover,  are  so  well 
known  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  this  country,  and 
abroad.  The  rapid  growth  of  Los  Angeles,  from  an  insignificant 
semi-Mexican  town  to  a  metropolitan  city,  has  been  told  and  re- 
told until  it  is  familiar  to  millions  of  Americans,  while  the  attrac- 
tions offered  by  the  city  to  health-seekers,  pleasure-seekers,  and 
tourists,  have  been  spread  abroad  by  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
visitors  who,  after  one  trip  to  this  section,  are  in  most  cases 
anxious  to  return,  and  frequently  become  permanent  residents. 

During  the  past  twenty  years,  Los  Angeles  has  grown  from  a 
population  of  11,000  in  1880,  to  102,479  by  the  census  of  1900. 
The  present  population  is  estimated  at  1 25,000.  There  are  three 
leading  features  that  have  contributed  to  such  growth.  These  are 
climate,  soil  and  location.  Anyone  of  these  advantages  would  be 
sufficient  to  build  up  a  large  city,  but  taken  together,  they  insure 
the  future  of  Los  Angeles  as  the  metropolis  of  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  United  States, 

The  pueblo  of  neustra  Senora  Reina  cle  Los  Angeles  was  founded 
on  September  4,  1781,  by  soldiers  from  the  mission  of  San  Gabriel, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Spanish  Governor.  The  first  census  of 
the  little  city,  taken  in  August,  1790,  gave  the  total  population  at 
141.  They  were  a  mixed  class,  composed  of  one  European,  seventy- 
two  Spanish-Americans  seven  Indians,  twenty-two  mullatoes  and 
thirty-nine  mestizos.  As  recently  as  1831,  fifty  years  after  the 
founding  of  the  pueblo,  the  population  was  only  770.  In  January, 
1847,  the  population  was  1500. 

The  census  of  1880  gave  Los  Angeles  a  population  of  11,311, 
Business  was  dull,  and  there  was  no  sign  that  the  city  was  on  the 
eve  of  a  marvelous  growth.  Five  years  later,  on  November  9, 
1885,  the  last  spike  was  driven  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Rail. 
way  at  the  Cajon  Pass,  thus  completing  a  new  overland  route  frcm 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  providing  Los  Angeles  with  com- 
petition in  overland  railroad  transportation.  From  that  time  the 
growth  of  the  city  was  wonderfully  rapid.  The  great  real  estate 
boom  of  1885-7  is  a  matter  of  history,  as  is  also  the  wonderful 
manner   in  which    Los  Angeles  held  up  under  the  reaction  that  in- 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS  173 

evitably  followed  the  collapse  of  the  over-speculation  of  that  period. 

Considering  that  twelve  years  ago  there  was  not  a  single  paved 
street  in  the  city,  Los  Angeles  has  made  remarkable  progress  in 
street  improvements.  There  are  now  over  200  miles  of  graded  and 
graveled  streets,  over  20  miles  of  paved  streets,  350  miles  of 
cement  and  asphalt  sidewalk,  and  160  miles  of  sewer.  Los  Angeles 
has  a  complete  sewer  system,  including  an  outfall  sewer  to  the 
ocean. 

At  night  Los  Angeles  presents  a  brilliant  appearance.  It  was 
the  first  city  in  the  United  States  to  entirely  abandon  gas  for  street 
lighting,  and  replace  it  by  electricity,  which  was  done  eighteen 
years  ago.  It  is  now  one  of  the  best  lighted  cities  in  the  Union- 
Many  of  the  lamps  are  on  high  masts.  Seen  from  one  of  the  sur- 
rounding hills,  the  view  of  the  city  at  night  is  most  beautiful  and 
striking. 

That  Los  Angeles  is,  and  will  always  remain,  the  commercial 
metropolis  of  Southern  California  admits  of  no  doubt.  The  city 
possesses  the  great  natural  advantage  of  being  located  on  the 
shortest  route,  by  the  easiest  grades,  between  the  Pacific  and  the 
Atlantic  oceans.  The  merchants  of  Los  Angeles  do  a  large  busi- 
ness with  a  section  of  country  extending  from  the  eastern  limits  of 
Arizona  to  Fresno  on  the  north.  The  principal  articles  of  export 
are  fruit3,  fresh  and  dried,  potatoes,  and  vegetables,  beans,  wine 
and  brandy,  wool,  honey,  canned  goods,  sugar,  wheat,  corn  and  bar- 
ley. Wheat  is  sometimes  shipped  from  one  of  the  ports  of  Los 
Angeles  county  direct  to  Europe. 

Los  Angeles,  as  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Southwest,  is 
becoming  an  important  center  of  wholesale  trade,  the  merchants 
supplying  the  large  territory  extending  from  New  Mexico  on  the 
southeast  to  Fresno  on  the  north.  Many  northern  and  Eastern 
houses  have  established  branches  here. 

Tha  banks  of  Los  Angeles  are  noted  throughout  the  country  for 
their  solid  and  prosperous  condition,  with  deposits  aggregating 
$30,000,000.  The  clearings  of  the  Los  Angeles  city  banks  for  the 
year  1901  amounted  to  over  $162,378,058,  an  increase  of  nearly  32 
per  cent,  over  1900,  and  of  more  than  100  per  cent,  over  1898. 
The   grand  aggregate  of  deposits  in  commercial  and  savings  was,  at 


174  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

the  end  of  last  year,  $32,218,108,  an  increase  orer  the  preceding 
year  of  $5,394,590.  The  strength  of  the  Los  Angeles  banks  has 
been  shown  by  the  success  with  which  they  have  ridden  out  financial 
storms  during  the  past  decade. 

Los  Angeles  enjoys  railroad  competition  in  the  shape  of  three 
transcontinental  lines,  and  work  has  commenced  on  a  fourth^  by 
way  of  Southern  Nevada  and  Utah,  which  will  shorten  the  distance 
from  Los  Angeles  to  Chicago  over  200  miles.  This  company  has 
been  organized  by  a  syndicate  of  capitalists  headed  by  Senator 
Clark  of  Montana,  who  have  acquired  the  Terminal  Railway,  as 
the  Pacific  Coast  end  of  the  new  transcontinental  line,  which  will 
open  up  to  Los  Angeles  a  section  in  Southern  Utah  and  Nevada 
that  is  marvelously  rich  in  coal,  iron,  silver  and  other  minerals. 
The  company  is  known  as  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  and  Salt 
Lake  Railroad.  The  line  of  the  Sante  Fe  system  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Los  Angeles  is  open.  The  Coast  line  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  to  San  Francisco  by  way  of  Santa  Barbara  is  in  operation. 
Altogether  there  are  a  dozen  lines  of  railway  centering  in  Los 
Angeles.  The  Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Company  runs  vessels 
every  few  days  from  Los  Angeles  county  ports  to  San  Francisco  and 
San  Diego. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  commencement  of  work 
by  the  national  government  on  a  deep-water  harbor  at  San  Pedro. 
This  work,  when  completed,  will  undoubtedly  give  a  great  impetus 
to  foreign  commerce,  and  Los  Angeles  will  before  long  become  an 
important  point  for  Oriental  trade. 

When  the  Nicaragua  canal  is  constructed,  the  coast  of  Los  An- 
geles county  will  be  on  the  direct  course  of  steamships  sailing  from 
the  Atlantic  coast  and  from  European  to  Asiatic  ports.  It  will 
also  furnish  a  greatly  enlarged  market  for  the  horticultural  pro- 
ducts of  this  section. 

The  street  railway  system  of  Los  Angeles  is  very  complete,  al- 
though it  has  been  built  up  within  little  more  than  a  dozen  vears, 
previous  to  which  time  there  was  only  one  horse-car  line  in  the 
city.  At  present,  there  is  probably  no  city  of  the  size  in  the 
United   States  that  has  such  a  modern  and  well  equipped  street-car 


CALIFORNIA     STATISTICS.  175 

system,  the  total  mileage  of  single  track  being  over  160  rnilea,  of 
which  nearly  all  is  electric.  In  addition  to  the  local  lines,  the 
Pasadena  and  Pacific  runs  electric  cars  from  Los  Angeles  to  Alta- 
dena,  in  the  foothills  north  of  Pasadena,  and  to  Santa  Monica,  on 
the  ocean,  the  cars  starting  from  the  center  of  the  city.  Plans 
have  been  prepared  for  electric  lines  from  Los  Angeles  to  San 
Pedro,  Whittier,  San  Gabriel  and  other  points. 

For  a  dozen  years  past,  Los  Angeles  has  been  the  scene  of  great 
activity  in  building  operations.  Scores  of  fine  business  blocks  and 
hundreds  of  handsome  residences  have  been  built.  The  value  of 
the  buildings  erected  in  Los  Angeles  during  the  past  ten  year3  is 
$26,000,000,  the  permit?  for  1931  amounting  to  over  84,030,000. 

E^ery  variety  of  location  for  a  residence  may  be  found  within 
the  city  limits  of  Los  Angeles,  and  the  person  who  cannot  be  suited 
here  must  indeed  be  hard  to  please.  The  city  lies  about  midway 
between  the  Sierra  Mad  re  range  of  mountains  and  the  ocean,  and 
about  303  feet  above  the  sei-level.  The  L>s  Angeles  river,  which 
is  almost  devoil  of  water  during  the  summer,  but  is  sometime* 
transformed  into  a  torrent  for  a  few  days  in  winter,  runs  through 
the  city  from  north  to  south,  lu  the  northern  and  western  por 
tions  of  the  city  limits  are  hills  of  considerable  altitule,  from  which 
magnificent  views  may  ue  obtained  of  the  surroun  ling  valleys,  with 
the  ocean  in  the  distance,  the  picture  being  frame!  in  the  north  by 
succession  of  grand  old  mountains. 

The  southern  and  southwestern  portions  of  the  city  are  level, 
with  a  gentle  slope  to  the  southwest.  Across  the  river  is  the  sec- 
tion known  as  B  )yle  Heig'its,  a  high,  gravely  table  or  mesa  land. 

There  are  a  dozen  public  parks  within  the  city  limits,  aggregat- 
ing over  six  hundred  acres,  of  which  six  are  of  considerable  size. 
Westlake  park,  35  acres  in  area,  at  the  end  of  the  Seventh  street 
car  line,  is  the  most  popular  open  air  resort  in  the  city.  It  has  a 
like  with  boats,  fine  drives  and  extensive  views  from  the  adjacent 
hills.  Concerts  are  given  on  Sundays.  Eastlake  park  in  Los  Ang- 
eles, covers  fifty  acres,  and  has  been  made  quite  attractive.  Here 
also  is  a  lake.  The  park  nurseries  are  located  here.  Prospect  park, 
on  Boyle  Heights,  is  a  small  but  beautiful  place,  with  many  choice 
trees  and  shrubs.     The  oldest  and  best  improved  of  the  city  parks, 


176  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

on  Sixth  street,  not  far  from  the  business  center,  is  known  as  Cen- 
tral park.  The  trees  here  have  attained  a  large  growth.  Hollenbeck 
park  is  a  tract  of  about  twenty  acres,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
on  Boyle  Heights.  It  has  been  improved  with  shade  trees  and  a 
small  lake.  Echo  park,  a  beautifully  improved  tract  in  the  north- 
wastern  part  of  the  city,  contains  the  largest  body  of  water  in  Los 
Angeles. 

»  Elysian  park,  500  acres  in  area,  is  the  only  park  of  considerable 
size,  a  remnant  of  the  thousands  of  acres  of  such  land  that  the  city 
formerly  owned.  It  may  be  safely  said  that  this  tract  offers  the 
greatest  possibilities  for  diversity  of  growths  of  any  piece  of  ground 
within  the  limits  of  an  American  municipality.  Much  of  the  land 
is  within  the  frostless  belt.  The  view  of  mountain,  valley  and 
ocean,  city  and  plain  are  grand  in  the  extreme. 

What  has  been  said  in  regard  to  Elysian  park  is  true  of  the  latest 
acquisition  to  the  parks  of  Los  Angeles,  Griffith  park,  a  tract  of 
3000  acres  donated  to  the  city  by  a  public-spirited  citizen.  It  is 
located  about  a  mile  north  of  the  city  limits,  and  embraces  a  varied 
assortment  of  mountain,  foothill  and  valley  scenery.  A  boulevard, 
to  connect  the  parks  of  Los  Angeles,  has  been  commenced. 

After  all  is  said,  the  chief  attraction  cf  Los  Angeles  to  new  ar- 
rivals, lies  in  its  beautiful  homes.  The  rare  beauty  of  the  grounds 
surrounding  the  attractive  homes  of  Los  Angeles,  Pasadena  and 
other  Los  Angeles  county  cities,  is  a  constant  theme  of  admiration 
on  the  part  of  Eastern  visitors.  Other  cities  can  show  grander 
business  blocks,  but  when  it  comes  to  gardens,  Los  Angeles  is  facile 
princeps.  The  mildness  of  the  climate  permits  the  most  delicate 
plants  and  trees  to  flourish  in  the  open  air  all  through  the  winter. 
At  Christmas  may  be  seen  hedges  of  calla  lilies,  geranium  bushes 
ten  feet  and  more  in  height,  and  heliotrope  covering  the  side  of  a 
house,  while  the  jasmine,  tuberose  and  orange  make  the  air  heavy 
with  their  delicious  perfume.  Giant  bananas  wave  their  graceful 
leaves  in  the  gentle  breeze,  and  often  ripen  their  fruit;  the  fan  and 
date  palm  grow  to  mammoth  propoitions,  and  roses  of  a  thousand 
varieties  run  riot.  A  majority  of  the  residences  stand  in  spacious 
grounds,  a  lot  of  50x150  feet  being  the  smallest  occupied  by  a  house 
of  any  pretension,  even  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  business  streets. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  177 

Many  have  from  one  to  five  acres  of  ground,  all  in  a  high  state  of 
cultivation,  with  well  kept,  verdant  lawns,  upon  which  the  fig, 
orange  and  palm  past  a  grateful  shade.  Along  the  sides  of  the 
streets  shade  trees  are  also  the  rule,  the  favorite  varieties  being  the 
graceful  pepper  which  grows  to  a  great  size,  the  eucalyptus,  and  the 
grevilla. 

The  almost  universal  material  for  residences  in  Southern  Califor- 
nia is  wood — pine  and  redwood,  the  latter  being  used  altogether 
for  outside  and  largely  for  inside  finish.  This  material,  while  amply 
sufficient  for  the  climate,  lends  itself  to  graceful  decoration  un- 
dreamed of  by  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  houses  of  brick 
or  stone. 

A  great  variety  of  architecture  is  found  among  the  residences  of 
Los  Angeles.  The  picturesque  and  comfortable  early  Mission  style 
of  architecture,  which  should  have  been  more  extensively  adopted 
long  ago  by  the  American  settlers,  is  at  length  coming  into  vogue. 
Some  of  the  more  pretentious  of  these  residences,  in  the  Mission 
style  of  architecture,  have  spacious  tiled  court-yards* ,  covered  with 
glass,  in  which  fountains  splash,  flowers  bloom  and  birds  warble. 

It  costs  much  less  to  build  in  Southern  California  now  than  it  did 
a  few  years  ago.  Again,  a  $10,000  residence  here  is  as  good  as  a 
$20,000  residence  in  the  East. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  features  about  a  home  in  this  section 
is  the  wonderful  rapidity  with  which  vegetation  of  all  kinds  grows, 
so  that  instead  of  having  to  wait  years  for  a  new  residence  to  as- 
sume a  settled  and  homelike  appearance,  the  owner  only  has  to  wait 
a  few  months  until  his  house  is  surrounded  with  thrifty  plants  and 
climbing  vines,  while  even  some  trees,  as  in  the  case  of  the  euca- 
lyptus, grow  up  to  a  respectable  size  from  the  seed  within  a  year, 
and  can  be  planted  around  the  lot  while  less  rapidly  growing  trees 
are  attaining  size,  thus  obviating  the  bare,  hard  appearance  which 
attaches  to  new  residences  in  less  favored  climates,  however  beauti- 
ful, architectually,  the  buildings  may  be. 

The  population  of  Los  Angeles  is  cosmopolitan.  During  the  past 
ten  years  it  has  received  accessions  to  its  population  from  every 
State  in  the  Union,  and  from  almost  every  country  in  the  world. 
For  instance,  a   statement   published   in  the  Los   Angeles   Times 


178  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

showed  that,  five  years  ago,  of  the  53,413  voters  on  the  great  regis- 
ter of  Los  Angeles  county,  only  5244,  or  less  than  10  per  cent, 
were  natives  of  California.  There  were  5048  from  New  York 
State,  4530  from  Ohio,  4106  from  Illinois,  3070  from  Pennsylvania, 
2237  from  Iowa,  2179  from  Missouri,  and  the  balance  from  43  other 
States  and  Territories,  including  Hawaii.  Of  the  foreign  born 
voters,  numbering  10,430,  or  nearly  20  per  cent  of  the  total,  2446 
were  from  Germany,  1747  from  England,  1581  from  British  Amer- 
ica, 1576  from  Ireland,  and  the  balance  from  27  other  foreign 
countries.  Papers  are  published  in  the  German,  French,  Spanish, 
Italian,  Basque  and  Chinese  languages.  There  are  several  thousand 
Chinese  in  and  around  Los  Angeles,  who  are  engaged  in  raising 
vegetables,  or  employed  in  housework.  Tbey  have  a  residence  sec- 
tion of  their  own.  adjoining  the  old  Plazi,  in  the  geographical 
center  of  the  city. 

TONNAGE,  1901  (San   Francisco.) 

ARRIVALS 

— Sail —  — Steam — 

From                                      No.  Tons.  No.  Tons. 

Great  Britain 36  62547  

Australia..    -....59  101.557  18  62.045 

Hawaiian  Islands 231  189.899  30  53,115 

British  Columbia 17  28.807  192  360.721 

Panama 1  197  57  102.775 

Hongkong 3  4  600  52  152.568 

Mexico... 19  14.863  18  14.440 

Tahiti 8  2.515  10  19.406 

Germany 9  16.720  16  37.343 

Manila 1  1.312  22  59.112 

Chile 26  46.115  26  44.265 

Caroline  Islands 1  253  ...            

Sea  in  distress 6  5.9S1  2  4.757 

Uruguay 1  1.469  ...            

Japan 9  18.603  9  20.984 

New  York 2  7.302  4  14.743 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

Philadelphia 2  5.386 

Baltimore 3  5.116 

Belgium 17  30.609 

Foreign  from  domestic 4  6.251 

Whaling 7  1.945 

Peru 5  6  313 

China 2  4.843 

Calcutta 

Apia 3  566 

Gallapagos  Islands 2  127 

Italy 2  2.350 

France 1  1,605 

Asiatic  Russia 1  377 

Norfolk,  Va 

Hunting 1  23 

Totals 480  563.736 


179 


1 

2.932 

3 

4.574 

12 

28.88« 

8 

2.294 

1 

2.779 

1 

3.151 

486 


2.850 


996.779 


DEPARTURLS. 


—Sail— 

— For —                                  No.  Tons. 

Great  Britain 167  305.965 

Hawaiian  Islands 164  135.271 

Australia 13  17.688 

British  Columbia 13  19.390 

Hongkong 

Panama .  .  

Guam 2  506 

Mexico 23  8.913 

Tahiti 6  1.775 

Whaling 8  2.19.' 

St.  Vincent  f .  o . .  

China 

Foreign  to  domestic 3  4.565 

New  York 7  15.926 

Apia 2  203 


-Steam — 

No. 

Tons. 

2 

4.803 

29 

53.618 

19 

67.978 

201 

378.876 

49 

143.923 

56 

99.454 

14 

11.809 

9 

17.433 

7 

1.892 

12 

27.881 

1 

1.848 

9 

23.022 

3 

10.983 

3 

5.527 

12 

31.178 

26 

44.335 

1 

1.957 

15 

35  562 

1 

1.496 

3 

7.130 

1 

2.343 

180  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

Marquesas  Islands 1  35 

Ecuador 3  2.612 

Manila 2  191 

Chile 2  3.182 

Peru 1  425 

Germany 

Central  America 

Asiatic  Russia 4  1.347 

Belgium 2  3.278 

Marshall  Islands 2  184 

Hunting 1  96 

Fanning  Island 1  182 

Spain 

Clipperton  Island 1  31 

Totals 428  524,000         473         973.053 

BEANS. 

Lima  beans  are  raised  principally  in  Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura 
Counties.  There  are  there  52,000  acres  devoted  to  these  which  at 
10  sks  or  800  lbs.  to  the  acre  would  give  a  crop  of  520,000  sks.  or 
41,600,000  lbs.  Orange  County  produces  15,000  sks.  The  crop  of 
Lady  Washingtons  in  1900  was  300,000  sks.;  in  1901,  500,000 
sks.  That  of  white  beans  in  1900  was  600,000  sks.;  in  1901,  125,- 
000  sks.     The  exports  since  1894  have  been  as  follows: 

1894  5,  73,149,000  lbs.;  1895  6,  55,607,700  lbs.;  in  1896-7, 
71,974,700  lbs;  in  1897-8,  57,817,400  lbs.;  1898-9,  43,061,500 
lbs.;  1899-1900,  41,516,900 lbs;  1900-1,  33,063,100  lbs. 

OUR  NORTHERN  RAILROAD  SYSTEM. 

The  Northern  Railroad  system  when  properly  developed  promises 
to  be  one  of  the  most  important  system  in  the  State.  It  will 
be  to  the  great  territory  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  what  the 
trunk  line  of  the  Southern  and  Central  Pacific  are  to  the  great  in- 
terior valley.     The  mileage  of  these  lines  may  be  found  elsewhere. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  181 

We  may  say  that  since  that  report  was  made  the  line  of  the  Great 
Norch  Western  Railway  has  been  extended  30  miles  further,  to 
Willitz,  its  present  terminus.  The  lines  in  this  section  will  ulti- 
mately join  Eureka  and  Crescent  City  with  San  Francisco  and  will 
furnish  another  line  up  the  western  side  of  the  Sacramento  Valley 
mutually  assisting  in  the  development  of  the  lumber,  mining,  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  resource  of  this  vast  territory. 

The  Great  North  Western  was  tirst  built  by  Peter  Donahue  from 
Danebu  to  Santa  Rosa  and  was  open  July  1,  1870. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COUNTRY  ON   THE    LINE 
OF  THE  S.  F.  &.  N.  P.  R.  R.  SYSTEM. 

Tiburon,  the  Southern  terminus  of  the  road,  is  situated  at  the 
end  of  a  peninsula  running  into  San  Francisco  Bay.  From  this 
point  the  line  runs  along  the  shore  of  the  bay  on  the  south  side  of 
the  peninsula  for  about  three  miles,  then  erosses  it  and  descends  to 
the  Corte  Madera  Marsh.  The  peninsula  is  a  succession  of  rolling 
hills,  used  principally  for  dairying-  The  Corte  Madera  Marsh  is, 
at  the  point  of  crossing,  about  two  and  one-half  (2|)  miles  wide,  and 
is  entirely  unreclaimed.  At  the  north  side  of  the  marsh  is  Corte 
Madera  Creek,  which  is  crossed  by  a  trestle  with  a  drawbridge.  The 
line  then  crosses  the  ridge  which  terminates  on  the  bay  at  Point 
San  Quentin,  and  from  this  ridge  to  San  Rafael  about  1^  miles  is  on 
reclaimed  marsh  land.  From  San  Rafael  to  Petaluma,  the  line 
crosses  the  marshes  bordering  on  San  Francisco  and  San  Pablo 
Bays,  the  land  on  the  right  being  chiefly  marsh,  some  of  it  reclaimed 
and  under  cultivation,  that  on  the  left  rolling  hills  used  for  dairy- 
ing and  fruit.  On  this  portion  of  the  line  there  are  three  navigable 
streams  crossed  by  drawbridges. 

Between  Petaluma  and  Cloverdale  the  line  passes  through  the 
Santa  Rosa  and  Russian  River  Valleys,  the  land  on  both  sides  be- 
ing mostly  level  and  under  cultivation,  the  products  being  grain  of 
all  kinds,  potatoes,  fruit,  and  vines. 

North  of  Cloverdale,  the  present  terminus,  the  line  of  the  Clover- 
dale  <fe  Ukiah  R.  R.  runs  for  about  ten  miles  through  the  canyon  of 
Russian  River,  the  land  on  either  side  being  high  hills  partly  cov- 


182  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

ered  with  oak  timber.  The  next  four  miles  is  along  rolling  hills  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river,  mostly  used  for  grazing.  The  next  six 
miles  is  in  the  Sanel  Valley,  the  land  being  level  and  cultivated. 
The  line  then  runs  for  four  miles  through  Henry  Valley  and  over 
hills  used  for  grazing.  The  last  six  miles  of  the  line  is  in  the 
Ukiah  Valley,  the  land  being  level  and  cultivated. 

The  line  from  Fulton  to  Guerneville  for  the  first  eight  miles  is 
through  a  generally  level  farming  country,  the  last  eight  miles  being 
along  the  Russian  River  in  redwood  timber  land;  the  land  from 
which  the  timber  has  been  removed  being  devoted  to  the  cultivation 
of  fruit  and  vines. 

The  Marin  and  Napa  Railroad,  from  Ignacio  to  Sears'  Point,  is 
entirely  in  the  marshes  bordering  on  San  Pablo  Bay,  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  marsh  being  reclaimed  and  under  cultivation.  This 
line  crosses  two  navigable  streams,  Novato  Greek,  crossed  by  a 
trestle  and  a  small  drawbridge  of  45  feet  span,  and  Petaluma  Creek, 
crossed  by  a  trestle  3,000  feet  in  length,  with  a  drawbridge  of  226 
ft.  span. 

The  Sonoma  Valley  R.  R.  from  Sonoma  Landing  to  Schellville  is 
on  the  marshes  at  the  head  of  San  Pablo  Bay,  nearly  all  of  which  is 
reclaimed,  some  of  it  being  cultivated,  but  the  greater  portion  being 
used  only  for  pasture.  From  Schellville  to  Glen  Ellen  the  line  runs 
through  the  Sonoma  Valley,  and  the  land  on  each  side  is  generally 
level  and  cultivated. 

POPULATION  OF  COUNTIES. 

In  other  pages  of  this  book  we  have  given  the  growth  of  the 
State  in  population  as  a  whole.  We  here  give  it  by  counties  ac- 
cording to  United  States  census.  Since  that  time  there  has  been 
an  increase  of  about  40,000  in  the  number  of  the  whole  population 
distributed  principally  in  the  cities  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joa- 
quin Valleys,  the  coast  counties  and  the  south. 

Alameda 130,197 

Alpine 509 

Amador 11,116 

Butte 17,117 

Calaveras 11,200 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  183 

Colusa 7,364 

Contra  Costa 1 8,046 

Del  Norte 2,408 

El   Dorado 8,986 

Fresno 37,862 

Glenn 5,150 

Humboldt 27,104 

Inyo 4,377 

Kern 16,480 

Kings 9,871 

Lake 6,017 

Lassen 4,511 

Los  Angeles 170,298 

Madera 6,364 

Marin 15,702 

Mariposa 4,720 

Mendocino 20,465 

Merced 9,215 

Modoc 5,076 

Mono 2'167 

Monterey , 19,380 

Napa 16,451 

Nevada 17,789 

Orange 19,696 

Placer 15,786 

Plumas 4,657 

Riverside 17,897 

Sacramento 45,915 

San  Benito 6,633 

San  Bernardino 27,929 

San  Diego 35,090 

San  Francisco 342,782 

San  Joaquin 35,452 

San  Luis  Obispo 16,637 

San  Mateo 12,094 

Santa  Barbara 18,934 


184  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

Santa  Clara 60,216 

Santa  Cruz 21,512 

Shasta 17,318 

Sierra 4,017 

Siskiyou 16,962 

Solano 24,143 

Sonoma 38,480 

Stanislaus .  . .  9,550 

Sutter 5,886 

Tehama  , 10,996 

Trinity 4,383 

Tulare 18,375 

Tuolumne 11,166 

Ventura 14,367 

Yolo 13,618 

Yuba 8,620 

TRADE  WITH  ASIATIC  RUSSIA. 

"Commercial  Opportunities  and  Commercial  Methods  in  Siberia," 
is  the  subject  of  a  recent  publication  in  the  ''Bulletin  Commercial" 
published  at  Brussels,  a  copy  of  which  has  just  reached  the  Treas- 
ury Bureau  of  Statistics.  The  Siberian  merchant,  it  says,  is  even 
more  intelligent,  energetic  and  enterprising  than  those  of  Russia, 
and  his  average  capital  is  probably  larger  than  that  of  the  average 
Russian  merchant.  Payments  are  made  usually  as  in  Russia,  at  3, 
6,  9  and  12  months.  The  opening  of  the  Trans-Siberian  railway 
has  increased  the  wealth  and  consequently  the  consuming  power  of 
Siberia  and  caused  an  increased  demand  for  foreign  goods.  There 
is  therefore  now  an  opening  in  Siberia  for  many  kinds  of  goods  not 
formerly  sent  to  that  country,  except  small  quantities  which  passed 
directly  from  Russia,  though  the  fact  that  the  population  is  chiefly 
agricultural  and  in  many  cases  half  nomadic  makes  it  apparent  that 
the  market  will  be  for  a  few  years  greatly  restricted,  especially  as 
regards  articles  of  luxury.  Only  one-eighth  of  the  population  is 
located  in  the  towns,  and  they  are  chiefly  high  officials  and  wealthy 
merchants. 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS  185 

The  classes  of  articles  most  likely  to  find  a  market  in  Eastern 
Siberia  are,  according  to  this  statement,  agricultural  implements, 
machinery  and  industrial  material  for  flour  mills,  oil  manufactories, 
distilleries,  tanneries,  machinery  for  gold,  iron  and  coal  mines,  saw 
mills,  machinery  for  brick  fields  and  salt  works,  and  manufacturing 
rope,  paper,  etc.,  while  the  demand  for  wines,  spirits,  silk  goods, 
furniture,  books,  musical  instruments  and  jewelry  is  apparently 
small. 

Eastern  Siberia,  especially  the  Amour  basin,  offered  at  the  time 
a  good  market  for  foreign  products.  Trade  relations  were  carried 
on  with  China,  Japan,  the  United  States,  and  Germany.  Two 
firms,  one  German  and  the  other  American,  divided  the  greater 
part  of  this  international  trade.  The  former,  which  has  an  office 
at  Odessa,  installed  a  branch  at  Vladivostock  in  1864.  It  now  has 
18  branches  established  in  Eastern  Siberia,  the  chief  being  at 
Blagovestchensk,  Khabarovsk,  Nicolaievsk,  and  Port  Arthur.  Be- 
sides representing  numerous  assurance  and  transport  companies  and 
shipping  companies,  both  Russian  and  other,  this  firm  transacts 
business  affairs  of  all  kinds,  acts  as  bank,  and  stores  merchandise  of 
the  most  varied  description — agricultural  machinery,  toilet  articles, 
clothing,  spirits,  etc.  It  is  said  to  realize  enormous  profits.  The 
goods  imported  by  the  firm  are  sent  principally  from  Hamburg  and 
Odessa. 

The  American  firm  founded  in  1870  is  run  on  analogous  lines. 
Its  head  offices  are  at  Moscow,  and  branches  are  established  at 
Vladivostock,  Nicolaievsk,  Khabarovsk,  Blagovestchensk,  etc. 
This  firm  has  a  purchasing  house  at  Hamburg. 

Eastern  Siberia  may  now,  however,  be  regarded  as  in  a  position 
more  akin  to  the  Baikal  districts  mentioned  above,  i.  e..  as  being 
directly  dependent  upon  Russia,  but  with  this  difference,  that  being 
less  densely  populated  and  less  productive  it  offers  a  less  limited 
opening. 

Owing  to  the  remoteness  of  Siberia  and  the  lack  of  rapid  trans- 
port thither,  merchants  and  manufacturers  not  having  depots  for 
their  goods  in  Russia  have  to  content  themselves  by  sending  trav- 
elers to  visit  their  Siberian   customers.     On   the   other   hand,  the 


186  CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS 

sparaity  of   the   population   will  for  some  time  to  come  cause  a  lack 
of  activity  in  trade. 

Merchants  desirous  of  finding  an  opening  in  this  new  market 
should  not  establish  special  branches  for  a  particular  class  of  goods. 
There  would  appear  to  be  only  one  way  which  is  at  once  efficacious 
and  economical,  and  that  is  for  a  body  of  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers to  group  themselves  together  and  to  accredit  representatives 
at  Tomsk  and  Irkutsk  sharing  the  expenses  among  them.  It  is 
indispensable  that  these  representatives  should  have  a  depot  for 
goods  sufficiently  large  to  enable  them  to  respond  to  the  demands  of 
customers,  who,  as  a  rule,  prefer  to  pay  more  so  long  as  the  goods 
are  on  the  spot,  rather  than  wait  from  3  to  6  months  for  an  order 
to  be  executed  at  a  lower  price.  For  most  kinds  of  merchandise 
such  a  depot  is  absolutely  necessary,  and  it  would  mean  certain  loss 
to  attempt  to  do  without  it.  The  representatives  must  have  a 
knowledge  of  the  Russian  language,  without  which  he  would  find 
both  the  life  and  the  business  impossible.  Sales  should  be  made  in 
Russian  money,  weights  and  measures,  goods  passed  through  the 
customs  and  delivered  in  Siberia.  Siberian  natives  have  remained 
wholly  outside  European  influence,  and  they  are  far  more  ignorant 
of  European  customs  than  are  the  Russians  themselves.  All  set- 
tlements should  be  made  through  the  intermediary  of  the  repre- 
sentatives who  should  be  chosen  with  sufficient  care  to  allow  entire 
confidence  being  placed  in  them,  and  the  necessary  power  of 
initiative  granted. 

Commercial  bodies  desirous  of  seeking  an  outlet  for  their  goods 
in  Siberia  should  endeavor  to  get  into  touch  directly  with  the  con- 
sumers by  the  establishment  of  large  deposit  warehouses  where 
goods  could  be  sold  both  wholesale  and  retail.  The  Siberian  trader 
is  accustomed  to  add  a  large  percentage  on  the  goods  he  sells,  so  that 
by  passing  the  merchandise  through  his  hands  he  would  obtain  the 
greater  part  of  the  profits. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  interesting  to  note  that  the  new 
port  of  Dalny  on  the  coast  of  Liaotuug  peninsula,  near  Talienwan, 
was  opened  by  the  Governor  of  Port  Arthur  July  25,  last.  On 
that  day  the  first  steamer  of  the  new  line  to  run  between  Dalny, 
Port  Arthur  and  Ohefoo  three  times  a  week,  was  moored  alongside 


CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS.  187 

the  new  jetty.  This  jetty  is  made  of  solid  steel,  and  the  harbor 
affords  a  depth  of  18  feet  at  low  tide;  a  dry  dock  is  also  almost 
finished,  When  Newchwang  i3  closed  by  ice>  merchandise  can  be 
sent  thence  by  train  to  Dalny,  where  the  port  will  be  open  all  the 
year  round.  It  is  also  fctated  that  the  railway  will  shortly  grant 
reduced  rates  on  goods  coming  from  the  north,  in  order  that  they 
may  be  shipped  from  Dalny  instead  of  Newchwang.  At  Dalny,  it 
is  said,  six  steamers  can  discharge  cargo  at  once,  and  where  more- 
over, the  services  of  a  pilot  are  not  required,  the  approach  to  the 
harbor  being  a  very  easy  one,  with  no  bar  such  as  is  found  at 
Newchwang. 

The  British  Vice- Consul  at  Tientsin  states  that  the  town  of 
Dalny  is  being  well  built,  the  wharves  are  solidly  constructed,  the 
streets  are  built  at  right  angles,  are  wide  and  planted  with  trees. 
He  is  of  tre  opinion  that  the  only  town  on  this  part  of  the  coast 
which  will  compare  with  Dalny  will  be  Tsintau,  which  the  Ger- 
mans are  contructing  equally  rapidly  on  the  Bay  of  Kiao  Chow. 

OAKLAND  AND  HER  SISTER  CITIES. 

The  City  of  Oakland  has  a  population  of  69,000  and  if  we 
include  Berkeley  and  other  places  in  the  neighborhood  one  of  112,- 
500.  Its  site  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world  and 
the  city  itself — a  city  of  beautiful  homes  and  gardens — has  not  a 
superior  on  the  Continent.  It  has  a  rapidly  growing  commerce  and 
when  the  works  connected  with  its  harbor  are  finished  will  begin  to 
rival  its  great  neighbor  across  the  bay.  It  has  14  miles  of  water 
front  and  a  basin  sufficient  to  accommodate  a  fleet  of  vessels  with 
the  channel  back  from  the  bay  has  been  dredged  to  the  depth  of  30 
feet  according  to  the  plans  of  the  government  engineer.  As  it  is  it 
has  a  tonnage  rapidly  approaching  4,000,000  tons  in  coal,  lumber, 
produce  and  merchandise  of  all  descriptions. 

A  late  publication  by  the  Realty  Syndicate  sajs: 

"San  Francisco  has  already  occupied  all  of  its  desirable  residence 

territory.     The  problem  of  reasonable  and    comfortable   homes   for 

business  men,  within  easy  distance  of  its   business    center,    is   one 

which  sooner  or  later  forces  itself  upon  all  of  our  large  and  growing 


188  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS 

cities.  In  the  case  of  San  Francisco,  the  question  has  been  gradu- 
ally solving  itself  by  the  building  up  of  the  cities  of  Oakland,  Ber- 
keley and  Alameda,  all  of  which  are  within  thirty  minutes'  pleasant 
ride  of  San  Francisco,  and  have  frequent  and  rapid  transit  facili- 
ties. 

"Besides  the  advantage  of  much  cheaperfand  pleasanter  building 
sites  offered  by  these  cities  is  the  very  important  one  of  a  climate 
which  is  twelve  degrees  warmer,  and  an  entire  absence  of  the  cold 
winds  and  fogs  which  sweep  San  Francisco  every  afternoon  during 
a  large  part  of  the  year.  As  a  result  of  this  exodus  to  these  sub- 
urban cities,  the  ratio  of  their  increase  in  population  during  the 
last  few  years  has  been  much  greater  than  that  of  San  Francisco. 
During  this  period  the  constant  increase  in  realty  values  in  San 
Francisco,  as  a  result  of  the  congestion  of  population,  has  been  such 
that  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  purchase  land  at  a  reasonable  figure 
within  the  forty-minute  limit  of  the  business  center.  The  popula- 
tion being  thus  forced  across  the  bay,  the  history  of  Oakland  realty 
will  follow  that  of  San  Francisco,  presenting  a  swift  and  steady  rise 
until  she,  too,  ia  forced  to  turn  to  her  suburban  lands  to  accommo- 
date her  growth. 

"The  inherent  advantages  of  Oakland  in  many  rapects  is  as 
plainly  apparent.  Oakland  is  the  natural  terminus  for  the  existing 
transcontinental  railroads  and  of  those  which  may  be  built,  as  well 
as  of  the  coast  and  interior  lines. 

"The  pavements,  well  bituminized  and  macadamized,  are  in  supe- 
rior condition  and  well  kept.  The  system  of  sewerage  is  perfect, 
and  the  use  of  sea  water  for  flushing  sewers  is  found  of  great  value. 
The  water  supply  is  abundant  and  fine  in  quality.  The  telephone, 
telegraph  and  postal  service  is  extensive  and  most  satisfactory, 
while  the  administration  of  the  police  and  fire  departments  and  the 
various  branches  of  the  city  government  is  prompt  and  efficient  and 
a  just  cause  of  pride  to  the  citizens.  These  things  are  all  important 
features  in  a  city,  bearing  directly  on  the  comfort  and  health  of  its 
residents.  In  healthfulness  Oakland  stands  first  among  the  cities  of 
our  country,  a3  the  death  rate  for  1898  was  only  12.10  per  1000, 
the  lowest  recorded  for  any  city  of  its  size  in  the  United  States. 

"In  its  educational  advantages  Oakland  occupies  an  enviable  posi- 


CALIFORNIA     STATI8TIC8.  189 

tion,  offering  opportunities  seldom  equalled  by  cities  of  its  size.  Be- 
sides its  own,  Oakland  has  the  benefit  of  the  colleges  of  Berkeley, 
which  adjoins  it  on  the  north,  connected  by  the  admirable  rapid 
transit  system  which  conveys  you  to  the  university  in  less  than 
twenty  minutes.  The  State  University,  located  at  Berkeley,  has  an 
endowment  of  $7,000,000  and  an  attendance  of  2000  students. 

''By  the  generous  gift  made  to  the  trustees  by  Mrs.  Phoebe  Hearst, 
they  have  been  able  to  begin  the  work  of  erecting  an  entirely  new 
and  complete  group  of  buildings,  the  plans  being  selected  by  a  com- 
mittee from  a  competitive  exhibit  of  the  six  most  noted  firms  of 
this  country  and  of  Europe. 

"The  plans  selected,  which  include  the  ornamental  landscape  de- 
signs for  the  grounds  as  well  as  the  new  buildings  for  the  university, 
are  the  work  of  Monsieur  Benard  of  Paris  and  were  awarded  a 
prize  of  810,000.  When  finished,  the  University  of  California  will 
be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  complete  educational  institutions 
not  only  of  America  but  of  the  world.  Work  is  to  begin  on  the 
buildings  at  once,  and  before  they  are  completed  it  is  not  unlikely 
that  Oakland  and  Berkeley  will  be  one  city.  The  close  prox- 
imity of  such  a  magnificent  seat  of  learning  must  inevitably  attract 
a  superior  class  of  residents  and  exert  a  most  beneficial  influence  on 
the  community.  Oakland  has  sixty- eight  churches  of  various  de- 
nominations. 

"Passing  from  the  consideration  of  Oakland  as  a  city  for  homes, 
we  shall  find  that  it  presents  equally  strong  elements  of  commer- 
cial growth  and  prosperity.  Considering  Oakland's  commercial 
aspect,  we  are  at  once  impressed  with  the  great  advantage  it 
possesses  as  a  port  of  entry.  It  has  miles  of  water  front  on  the 
finest  harbor  in  the  world.  The  deep  water  arm  of  the  bay,  com- 
monly called  the  estuary,  extends  along  the  south  front  of  the  city. 
Two  sea  walls  800  feet  apart  and  12,000  feet  in  length  extend  into 
the  bay,  forming  a  channel  30  feet  deep  at  low  tide.  Arrange- 
ments are  now  being  completed  for  an  election  for  bonds  to  improve 
the  seven  miles  of  water  front  along  Oakland's  western  shore.  The 
expenditure  of  $600,000,  which  is  contemplated  at  this  point,  will 
give  Oakland  many  miles  of  wharves  open  to  ocean  vessels  of  the 
deepest  draft.     A  careful  study  of  facts  will  convince  an  observer 


190  CALIFORNIA    STATISTICS. 

that  the  commercial  activities  opening  to  Oakland  are  almost  start- 
ling in  their  magnitude.  The  trade  of  the  entire  Orient  is  now 
seeking  out  shores,  and  the  immense  traffic  which  must  pass 
through  Oakland  as  a  gateway  for  the  exports  and  imports  of  the 
east  must  soon  result  in  an  enormous  increase  in  its  wealth,  and 
make  it  one  of  the  great  seaports  of  the  world.  The  substantial 
character  of  a  city's  growth  when  based  upon  a  prosperous  manu- 
facturing interest  is  so  universally  known  that  where  there  is  any 
foundation  for  it,  every  city  strives  to  become  a  manufacturing 
center. 

"The  street  car  system  of  Oakland  is  complete,  having  fine  cars, 
good  roadbeds  and  quick  service.  There  is  also  a  marked  disposi- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  railroad  company  to  accommodate  the  public 
in  every  way  possible,  a  condition  worthy  of  especial  mention. 
The  various  lines  have  been  consolidated  under  the  title  of  the 
Oakland  Transit  Company,  electricity  being  its  motive  power. 
This  company  represents  a  consolidation  of  practically  all  of  the 
street  railroads  doing  business  in  Oakland,  Alameda  and  Berkeley, 
comprising  a  total  of  over  81  miles  and  serving  a  population  of 
about  135,000.  The  franchises  are  of  long  time  and  of  great  value, 
as  they  were  granted  prior  to  the  passage,  in  1896,  of  a  State  law 
requiring  franchises  to  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder  at  a  price  of 
not  less  than  three  per  cent,  of  the  gross  earnings.  Competition  is 
therefore  very  improbable.     The  company  has  no  floating  debt. 

"One  of  the  largest  enterprises  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  The  Realty 
Syndicate,  which  has  chosen  Oakland  as  a  field  for  its  operations. 
The  reason  of  this  choice  is  apparent  to  any  one  who  studies  the 
subject  of  city  growth  and  commercial  development. 

"The  Syndicate  controls  the  Oakland  Transit  Company,  which 
represents  the  railway  system  above  referred  to,  together  with 
extensive  tracts  of  choice  city  and  suburban  property.  Its  steady 
growth  and  brilliant  success  promise  great  returns  from  its  business 
investments. 


CALIFORNIA   STATISTICS.  191 

OUR  TRADE  WITH  GUATEMALA. 

This,  one  of  the  most  prosperous  republics  of  Spanish  America 
has  quite  an  important  trade  with  San  Francisco  which  is  bound  to 
grow  largely  in  the  future.  The  imports  thence  in  1901  were 
.$3,280,432—  the  domestic  exports  $1,104,460.  The  leading  imports 
were  coffee,  28,267,417  lbs.,  valued  at  $3,189,275  and  1,478,271  lbs. 
of  sugar  valued  at  $36,646. 

The  leading  exports  have  been  as  follows  : 

Bread,  75,177  lbs $     3,035 

Flour,  93,342  bbls 287,558 

Carriages,  railway 16,975 

Cement,  2,000  bbls 4,651 

Corn,  2969  ctla 4,714 

Cottons,  1,071,767  yds 56,837 

Cotton  Clothing 14,019 

Cotton  goods,  various 119,305 

Carriages,  etc 9,441 

Wire,  Barbed,  293,368  lbs 8,490 

Explosives 13,020 

Gunpowder,  7000  lbs 1 ,000 

Machinery .' 30,722 

Locomotives,  3 24,250 

Fish,  Cod,  35,804  lbs 1,907 

Leather,  sole,  25,725  lbs 7,798 

Lumber,  1,193,000  feet 22,401 

Oil,  Coal,  9,689  cases 18,091 

Tallow,  1,017,947  lbs 55,279 

Potatoes,  10,859  ctls 12,269 

Whisky,  10,479  gals 28,741 

Wine,  1,145  cases 3,656 

"     47,828  gals: 22,252 

ERRATA. 

There  are  devoted  to  the  raisin  grape,  60,903  acres. 
Hoisting  of  the  American  flag  at  Monterey  by  Admiral  Sloat, 
page  120,  should  read  1846  instead  of  1864. 


INDEX. 


Alameda  County , 9,  10 

Alpine  County 10 

Amador  County 10 

Asiatic  Russia,  Trade  With 184,  185,  186,  187 

Asparagus 76 

Banks 133,  134,  135 

Barley 69,  70,  7 1 

Beans 76,  180 

Beet  Sugar 77,  78,  164,  165 

Boots  &  Shoea , S9 

Borax 45,  46 

Brandy,  California 91 

Building  &  Loan  Associatiocs,  California 138,  139 

Butte  County 10,  1 1 

Clearing  House  since  1890 141,  142 

Calaveras  County 11 

Carbonate  of  Soda . .  46 

Chamber  of  Commerce 103,  104,  105,  106,  107,  103,  109 

Colusa  County 11 

Commercial  Outlook 101,  102,  103 

Contra  Costa  County 11,  12 

Copper 40,  41,  42,  43 

Corn 72,  73 

Dairy  Produce 93,  94,  95 

Del  Norte  County 12 

Drug  Trade 165 

Dry  Foods 166 

El  Dorado  County 12 

Errata '. 191 

Exports,  San  Francisco 139,  140,  160,  162 

Fig,  The 57 

Flour 67,  68,  69 

Fish  Product,  Our 98 

Fresno  County , 12,  1 3 

Fruit 52,  63,  54,  55,  56,  57 

Fruit,  Dried .....58,  59 


II  INDEX 

Fruit,  Canned 59,  60 

Glenn  County 13 

Gold 35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  163,  164 

Hay 74,  75 

Humboldt  County 13,  147,  148,  149 

Honey , 91 

Hop  Crop 95,  96 

Imports,  San  Francisco 139,  160,  161 

Insurance 136,  137,  138 

Inyo  County 13,  14 

Iron 81,  82 

Iron  &  Steel  Industries,  California 126,  127 

Kern  County 14 

Kings  County 14 

Lake  County 14,  15 

Laeesn  County 15 

Lemon,  The 63 

Live  Stock 97,  98 

Los  Angeles  County 15 

Leather 89 

Lumber  Resources „ . .  96,  97 

Lumber  Production , 1S2,  163 

Madera  County 15,  16 

Marin  County, , 16 

Mariposa  County 16 

Manufactures 79,  80,  81,  159 

Mendocino  County 16,  17 

Merced  County , 17 

Minerals 33,  34,  35 

Minerals,  Other 50 

Mineral  Water 51 

Modoc  County 17 

Mono  County , 17 

Monterey  County 18 

Napa  County 18 

Nevada  County 19 

Nicaragua  Canal 127,  128,  129,  130 

Nitrate  of  Soda 46 

Northern  California 149,  150,  151,  152,  153,  154,  155,  156,  157,  158,  159 

Nuts 63 

Oakland  and  Her  Sister  Cities 187,  188,  189,  190,  191 

Oats 71,  72 

Olive,  The 60,  61 

Orange  County 19 


INDEX  III 

Orange,  The 61,  62 

Orient,  Our  Trade  With  The 130,  1 31 

Petroleum 46,  47,  48,  49,  50 

Placer  County 20 

Plumas  County 20 

Population  by  Counties 182,   J83,  184 

Potatoes    > , 76 

Powder 82,  83 

Prune  Crop,  The 59 

Quicksilver 43,  44,  165,  1C6 

Railroads  in  California 131,  132,  133.  180,  181,  182 

Real  Estate 142,  143,  144 

Riverside  County 20,  21,  145 

Rye 74 

Sacramento  County 21,  146,  147 

Salt 46 

San  Benito  County 21 

San  Bernardino  County , 2 1 ,  22 

San  Diego  County 22,  23 

San  Joaq  uin  County 24 

Luis  Obispo  County , 25 

San  Mateo  County 25 

Santa  Barbara  County 25,  26,  145,  146 

Santa  Clara  County 26,  27 

Santa  Cruz  County 27,  28 

San  Francisco 98,  99,  100,  101,  110,  111,  112,  113,  114,  115,  116,  117, 

118,  119,  120,  121,  122,  123,  124,  125,  126. 

Shasta  County , 28 

Ship  Building 85,  86,  87,  88 

Sierra  County 28,  29 

Silver 39,  40 

Siski  you  County 29 

Solano  County 29,30 

Sonoma  County 30 

Southern  California..  167,  163,  169,  170,  171,  172,  173,  174,  175,  176,  177,178 

Stanislaus  County 30 

Steel  Cables 82 

Sugar  Beets 162 

Sugar  &  White  Pine 162 

Sutter  County 30,  31 

Tehama  County 31 

Textile  Industry 1 60 

Tonnage,  San  Francisco 140,  141,  178,  179,  180 

Trinity  County 31 


IV  INDEX 

Tulare  County 31,  32 

Tuolumne  County 32 

The  State 5,  6 

The  State,  Its  Growth 7,  8,  9 

Vegetables 75,  76 

Ventura  County 32,  33 

Wealth  of  California 83,  84,  85 

Wheat 64,  65,  66,  67 

Wine,  California 89,  90,  91,  165 

Wool  and  Manufacture 92 

Yolo  County S3 

Yuba  County 33 


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